1. EU political background – why an EU ship emissions policy Ships now the biggest source of air emissions in the EU Ships now the biggest source of air emissions in the EU –As land-based sources are abated, to comply with 2010 National Emissions Ceilings, ship emissions are growing –Potential evolution 1990-2010 for SO2 (similar for NOx):

2. EU study to quantify and map EU ship emissions Source: Entec UK Ltd, 2002

3. Future ship emissions reduction scenarios – CAFE input 1.IMO MARPOL Annex VI – now ratified, so becomes BAU –SOx Emission Control Areas where <1.5% S fuel must be used, or abatement applied. Baltic Sea: 2006. North Sea & Channel: 2007. –NOx standards for engines installed or converted since 2000 2.EU sulphur proposal - still subject to negotiation –1.5% S fuel for ferries everywhere in EU from 2007 ? –0.1% S fuel for ships at berth from 2010 ? 3.IMO MARPOL Annex VI - possible tier 2 –Tighter NOx standards (30% below current curve?) by 2007 ? 4.EU economic instrument – in context of CAFE –To promote use of NOx abatement and low-S gasoil onships regularly in EU waters (90% less NOx & SO2 per ship) By 2007?