1. Chapter 1 Science of Biology 1-1 What is Science? A. What science is A. What science is 1. Goals of science 1. Goals of science a. Investigate, understand, and explain events of the natural world a. Investigate, understand, and explain events of the natural world b. Use experiments to make predictions b. Use experiments to make predictions 2. science definition 2. science definition a. Organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world a. Organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world --knowledge gained through experiments --knowledge gained through experiments

2. 3. Science is different from other areas of studies 3. Science is different from other areas of studies a. Science looks at natural world a. Science looks at natural world b. Information is collected and organized in an orderly manner b. Information is collected and organized in an orderly manner c. Explanations are proposed which can be tested c. Explanations are proposed which can be tested

3. B. Thinking like a scientist 1. observation 1. observation a. Gathering information by using senses a. Gathering information by using senses 2. data 2. data a. Gathered information a. Gathered information b. 2 types b. 2 types --quantitative: expressed as numbers --quantitative: expressed as numbers (counting, measuring) --qualitative: qualities which cannot be counted, usually rely on senses, opinion --qualitative: qualities which cannot be counted, usually rely on senses, opinion (He is tall.) 3. inference 3. inference a. Logical interpretation based on knowledge or experience a. Logical interpretation based on knowledge or experience b. Water test example b. Water test example

4. C. Explaining and Interpretating Evidence 1. Events are explained logically and analytically 1. Events are explained logically and analytically 2. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis a. Proposed after observation a. Proposed after observation b. Explanation of observations b. Explanation of observations c. Based on prior knowledge c. Based on prior knowledge d. A logical inference d. A logical inference e. Uses creative, informed imagination e. Uses creative, informed imagination f. Must be testable f. Must be testable --through experiments --through experiments -- by gathering more data (food poison) -- by gathering more data (food poison) g. Can be confirmed, disproved or changed g. Can be confirmed, disproved or changed

5. D. Science as a way of knowing 1. Ongoing process of change and advancing understanding 1. Ongoing process of change and advancing understanding a. By asking questions, observing, making inferences, testing hypothesis a. By asking questions, observing, making inferences, testing hypothesis b. New tools, techniques, discoveries b. New tools, techniques, discoveries 2. Characteristics of a Scientist 2. Characteristics of a Scientist a. Skeptical, open-minded, curious, knows science has limits a. Skeptical, open-minded, curious, knows science has limits

6. E. Science and Human Values 1. Understanding science aids humans in making informed decisions and living within the laws of society 1. Understanding science aids humans in making informed decisions and living within the laws of society 2. Scientists make recommendations and citizens use those recommendations to make societal decisions 2. Scientists make recommendations and citizens use those recommendations to make societal decisions

7. 1-2 How Scientists work A. Designing an experiment 1. Observe, question, identify the problem 1. Observe, question, identify the problem 2. Form a hypothesis 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Set up a controlled experiment 3. Set up a controlled experiment a. Variable: factors which change a. Variable: factors which change equipment, temperature, light, time equipment, temperature, light, time --types of variables: --types of variables: *manipulated or independent— *manipulated or independent— scientist deliberately changes *responding or dependent— *responding or dependent— changes in response to manipulated variable changes in response to manipulated variable *control or constant or comparison— *control or constant or comparison— does not change throughout the experiment does not change throughout the experiment

8. 4. Observe and gather data 4. Observe and gather data a. Must be organized and accurately recorded 5. Analyze data 5. Analyze data 6. Form a conclusion from data analysis 6. Form a conclusion from data analysis a. Is Hypothesis confirmed, proven wrong or needing clarification? 7. Repeat experiment numerous times 7. Repeat experiment numerous times 8. Publish results 8. Publish results

9. B. Experiments on Spontaneous Generation 1. Spontaneous generation 1. Spontaneous generation a. living organisms arise from non- living matter (raw meat produces maggots) a. living organisms arise from non- living matter (raw meat produces maggots) 2. Handouts 2. Handouts a. Redi b. Needham c. Spallanzani d. Pasteur

10. C. When experiments are not possible 1. field experiments 1. field experiments a. Observe large groups of organisms in their habitat b. Must follow scientific method to be valid D. Theory Development 1. Theory 1. Theory a. Well supported idea or explanation, not testable a. Well supported idea or explanation, not testable b. Broad range of observations tied together b. Broad range of observations tied together c. Can be revised or replaced as new info becomes available c. Can be revised or replaced as new info becomes available

11. 1-3 Studying Life A. Biology/biologist 1. study of a. Bio-life a. Bio-life b. -ology means study of b. -ology means study of 2. science (scientist) to understand the living world by using the scientific method B. Characteristics of Living Things (8) 1. Composed of cells a. Cell a. Cell --collection of living matter --collection of living matter --separated from surroundings by a barrier --separated from surroundings by a barrier --smallest unit to be considered alive --smallest unit to be considered alive --complex, high organized --complex, high organized

12. b. Cell organism type (by number) b. Cell organism type (by number) --Single celled or unicellular --Single celled or unicellular --multicellular-organism made up of many cells, cells are highly diverse, highly specialized many cells, cells are highly diverse, highly specialized 2. reproduction a. 2 types a. 2 types --asexual requires 1 parent, cell divides, splits, or buds --sexual requires 2 parents (male- sperm/female-egg), 2 cells form first single cell of new organism called a zygote 3. based on a genetic code (DNA/RNA)

13. 4. Growth and development a. Grow a. Grow --increase in size --increase in size --unicellular cells only grow --unicellular cells only grow b. Development b. Development --cells become different with different functions or even look different --cells become different with different functions or even look different ex. Cartilage forms bone ex. Cartilage forms bone puberty puberty c. Organisms have distinctive life cycles c. Organisms have distinctive life cycles --egg, larva, pupa, adult --egg, larva, pupa, adult --humans --humans

14. 5. Need for materials and energy a. Metabolism a. Metabolism --chemical reactions to build up or break down materials needed for life processes --anabolism is to build up meat>protein>muscle --catabolism is to break down bread>carbohydrates>energy 6. Response to environment a. Respond to stimuli (signal) a. Respond to stimuli (signal) b. For survival b. For survival

15. 7. Maintaining an internal balance a. Homeostasis--Internal conditions must be in balance a. Homeostasis--Internal conditions must be in balance b. Controlled by internal feedback system b. Controlled by internal feedback system --blood pressure, heart rate, temperature regulation, glucose level 8. Evolution a. Change over time a. Change over time

16. C. Branches (Fields) of Biology 1. based on size, type, or perspective 1. based on size, type, or perspective 2. Handout 2. Handout D. Biology in Everyday life 1. Every factor of your life is affected by biology a. Foods you eat (quantity, temp., storage of) b. Health—cleanliness, attitude about drugs, sex c. Disease d. Fuel e. Environmental factors 2. Voting societal members will make decisions based on knowledge of biology

17. 1-4 Tools and Procedures A. Metric System (SI system) A. Metric System (SI system) 1. decimal system 1. decimal system 2. multiples of 10s 2. multiples of 10s 3. prefixes 3. prefixes kilo (K, 1000); hecto (h, 100); deka (da, 10); kilo (K, 1000); hecto (h, 100); deka (da, 10); deci (d, 0.1); centi (c, 0.01); milli (m, 0.001) deci (d, 0.1); centi (c, 0.01); milli (m, 0.001) 4. bases or units 4. bases or units length (meter, m); mass (gram, g); liquid volume (Liter, L); solid volume (cm 3, m 3 ); temperature (Celsius, C 0 —SI unit, Kelvin, K--scientific) m 3 ); temperature (Celsius, C 0 —SI unit, Kelvin, K--scientific) 5. easy conversion—move decimal to right or left 5. easy conversion—move decimal to right or left

18. B. Analyzing Biological Data 1. graphs/tables make patterns easier to see 1. graphs/tables make patterns easier to see 2. tools—computers, balances, microscopes 2. tools—computers, balances, microscopes C. Microscopes 1. produces magnified images too small to 1. produces magnified images too small to be seen by an unaided eye be seen by an unaided eye 2. Types 2. Types a. Compound light microscope a. Compound light microscope --magnifies up to 1000x --magnifies up to 1000x --light passes through 2 lenses (eyepiece, objective) --light passes through 2 lenses (eyepiece, objective) --used to observe live organisms --used to observe live organisms --stains are used for clarification --stains are used for clarification

19. --stains kill a live organism --stains kill a live organism b. Electron microscope --uses beams of electrons to produce images --uses beams of electrons to produce images --magnifies 1000x more than light microscope --magnifies 1000x more than light microscope --2 types --2 types transmission electron (TEM) shines electrons through thin specimen giving details inside the cell scanning electron (SEM) shines electrons back and forth across the surface giving a 3D image of surface TEM/SEM only used in a vacuum, organism is preserved and dehydrated

20. D. Lab Techniques 1. Cell culture 1. Cell culture a. Single cell is placed in a nutrient solution (agar) and grows into a group of cells a. Single cell is placed in a nutrient solution (agar) and grows into a group of cells b. Used to test cell responses or cell interactions w/other substances b. Used to test cell responses or cell interactions w/other substances c. Cultures are viewed under a microscope c. Cultures are viewed under a microscope 2. cell fractionation 2. cell fractionation a. Separates cell parts from each other a. Separates cell parts from each other b. Machine called a centrifuge which spins several hundred times/min. b. Machine called a centrifuge which spins several hundred times/min. ex.: separates blood (plasma, platelets, cholesterol for testing) with most dense settling to bottom ex.: separates blood (plasma, platelets, cholesterol for testing) with most dense settling to bottom E. Lab Safety