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Respiratory System -the system for exchanging gases between the

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Presentation on theme: "Respiratory System -the system for exchanging gases between the"— Presentation transcript:

1 Respiratory System -the system for exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body 1. Ventilation -movement of air in and out of the lungs; breathing 2. External Respiration -the exchange of gases between the air of the lungs and the blood 3. Transport -transport of gases by the blood between the blood and the cells of the body 4. Internal Respiration -exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body 5. Cellular Respiration -the process of oxygen utilization and production of Carbon dioxide by the cells of the body 6. Maintaining Homeostasis -supplying oxygen is necessary to provide energy for the cell, while removal of Carbon dioxide is needed to maintain homeostasis (pH)

2 The Pathway of Inspired Air
Nasal cavity Soft palate Nostrils (nares) Uvula Hard palate Oral cavity Tongue

3 The Pathway of Inspired Air
Frontal sinus Superior Middle Inferior Nasal conchae Nasal cavity Sphenoidal sinus Soft palate Nostrils (nares) Uvula Hard palate Oral cavity Pharyngeal tonsil Tongue Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsil

4 The Pathway of Inspired Air
Frontal sinus Superior Middle Inferior Nasal conchae Nasal cavity Sphenoidal sinus Soft palate Nostrils (nares) Hard palate Nasopharynx Oral cavity Oropharynx Tongue Pharynx (throat) Epiglottis Laryngopharynx Hyoid Vocal cord Larynx Thyroid cartilage Glottis Cricoid cartilage False vocal cord Esophagus Tracheal cartilages Trachea

5 The Pathway of Inspired Air
Laryngopharynx Vocal cord Thyroid cartilage Larynx Cricoid cartilage False vocal cord Esophagus Tracheal cartilages Right primary bronchus Trachea Left superior lobe Right superior lobe Right middle lobe Left inferior lobe Right inferior lobe

6 The Pathway of Inspired Air
Laryngopharynx Vocal cord Thyroid cartilage Larynx Cricoid cartilage False vocal cord Esophagus Tracheal cartilages Right primary bronchus Trachea Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchus Terminal bronchiole Alveolus

7 The Pathway of Inspired Air
Alveolus to pulmonary veins 21% O2 16% O2 from pulmonary artery

8 External intercostals pull Diaphragm lowers floor
Inspiration of Air How Does Air Move? H Sternocleidomastoid elevates sternum Pectoralis minor raises ribs According to Boyle: to make pressure go down, increase the volume External intercostals pull ribs up and out L L Diaphragm lowers floor of thoracic cavity

9 Expiration of Air How Does Air Move? L H H According to Boyle:
to make pressure go up, decrease the volume Internal intercostals pull ribs down and in Rectus abdominus, Transverus abdominus, Internal oblique, and External oblique contract to force diaphragm higher H H Diaphragm relaxes and floor of thoracic cavity recoils elastically

10 -contains nostrils, or external nares through which air can
Respiratory System 1. Nose -contains nostrils, or external nares through which air can enter or exit -internal hairs guard openings, preventing inhalation of large particles 2. Nasal Cavity -separated from cranial cavity by ethmoid bone and from oral cavity by hard palate 1. Nose 2. Nasal cavity -divided medially by the nasal septum Rx - Deviated Septum -bending of the nasal septum during birth or during childhood -common cause of breathing difficulties and snoring

11 -each side divided into passageways called meati
Respiratory System 2. Nasal Cavity -each side divided into passageways called meati by nasal conchae, which increase the surface area of the mucous membranes -lined with mucous membranes, which warm (or cool) and moisten the air, and trap and push particles towards the pharynx, where they are mostly swallowed and disposed of in the stomach, digested by gastric juices mucous particle cilia goblet cell cilated epithelial cell

12 -air spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and
Respiratory System 3. Sinuses -air spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones that open into the nasal cavity and are lined with the same mucous membranes -help warm, moisten, and filter air, and resonate the voice Rx - Sinusitis -inflammation of the sinuses due to infection or allergic reaction 3. Sphenoidal sinus 3. Frontal sinus -inflammation blocks drainage into nasal cavity, creating pressure, headache 2. Nasal cavity 4. Pharynx 1. Nose 4. Pharynx -throat -common passageway for food moving from the oral cavity to the esophagus, and for air moving from nasal (oral) cavity to the larynx

13 -passageway for air lying between the pharynx and the trachea
Respiratory System 5. Larynx -passageway for air lying between the pharynx and the trachea -framework of cartilage and muscle bound together by elastic tissue -epiglottis prevents foreign objects from entering trachea 3. Sphenoidal sinus -thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple) protects vocal cords 3. Frontal sinus 2. Nasal cavity 4. Pharynx -arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages help change tension on the vocal cords and close the larynx during swallowing 6. Glottis 1. Nose 5. Larynx 6. Glottis -opening for air leading into the trachea

14 -windpipe; passageway for air lying between the larynx and the bronchi
Respiratory System 7. Trachea -windpipe; passageway for air lying between the larynx and the bronchi -ringed by about 20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages, which hold the trachea open, but are open posteriorly to allow for the expansion of the esophagus during the swallowing of a food bolus 3. Sphenoidal sinus 3. Frontal sinus -lined on the inside with ciliated mucous membranes, which produce and secrete mucous to trap incoming particles, and propel the mucous toward the pharynx with cilia, where it is expectorated or swallowed 2. Nasal cavity 4. Pharynx 6. Glottis 1. Nose 5. Larynx 7. Trachea

15 -passageways for air branching from the trachea and
Respiratory System 8. Bronchi -passageways for air branching from the trachea and branching into smaller and smaller passageways called secondary and tertiary bronchi, contain cartilage plates Rx - Bronchitis -common inflammation of the bronchi due to infection by bacteria or virus 3. Sphenoidal sinus Rx – Smoker’s Cough -cilia of the respiratory passages become coated with tar from cigarette smoking, become brittle, and break off, while irritants in smoke stimulate increased mucous production 3. Frontal sinus 2. Nasal cavity 4. Pharynx 6. Glottis 1. Nose -increased mucous 8. Secondary bronchi 5. Larynx production accompanied by a decreased ability to get rid of mucous lead to a predisposition to chronic bronchitis and difficulty breathing due to blocked respiratory passages 7. Trachea 8. Primary bronchi 8. Tertiary bronchi

16 -passageways for air branching from the tertiary
Respiratory System 9. Bronchioles -passageways for air branching from the tertiary bronchi are called interlobular bronchioles, which in turn branch into smaller and smaller passageways called terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles, which branch into alveolar ducts -smooth muscle only, no cartilage 8. Primary bronchus 8. Secondary bronchus 8. Tertiary bronchus 9. Respiratory bronchiole 8. Primary bronchi Alveolar duct 10. Alveolus

17 9. Respiratory bronchiole
Respiratory System 10. Alveoli -thin-walled air sacs across which the exchange of respiratory gases takes place with the capillaries (to Tertiary bronchus) 9. Interlobular bronchiole 9. Terminal bronchiole 9. Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar duct Alveolar sac 10. Alveolus

18 Respiratory System 10. Alveoli Rx - Emphysema -fifteen times more likely to occur in those who smoke a pack of cigarettes a day compare to nonsmokers -cigarette smoking causes bronchioles to lose elasticity, can no longer absorb air pressure changes accompanying coughing, air pressure changes cause alveoli to burst, loss of surface area leads to shortness of breath and fatigue -predisposes a person to lung cancer Rx – Lung Cancer -80% of all cases due to cigarette smoking -Radon gas second-leading cause -only 13% survive more than five years after diagnosis

19 Respiratory System -draw and label your own bronchial tree


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