1. How Banks & Thrifts Create Money Chapter 14

2. Introduction ► Most transaction accounts are created as a result of loans from banks or thrifts ► This chapter demonstrates the money creating ability of a single bank and the system as a whole

3. Goldsmiths ► 16 th century goldsmiths created safes for holding gold and other precious metals. Receipts were issued for their deposit. ► The receipts came to be used as currency as goldsmiths also discovered that not all gold was redeemed ► The idea of loaning money also was established with an accompanying interest charge

4. Fractional Reserve Banking ► The idea that there is only a fraction or percentage of gold on hand in relation to the number of receipts issued ► The significance is that you had banks that were creating money ► Policies regarding this creation must be careful and well thought out to avoid “panics” or “runs” on banks

5. Bank Reserves ► Reserves are kept either with the district Federal Reserve Bank or as cash in a vault ► Cash kept on hand as well to meet needs of customers ► Required reserves are again, a fraction of deposits ► Actual Reserves = Excess + Required ► Banks may not loan required reserves

6. Balance Sheets ► All balance sheets must balance ► Assets = Liabilities (Claims) ► Bank owner claims are referred to as net worth ► Items such as reserves, property, loans are assets to the bank ► Checkable deposits, capital stock, etc. would be considered liabilities

7. Bank Transactions ► Currency held by the bank is not part of the money supply ► Reserve ratio – Ratio of required reserves the bank is obligated to keep in its vault. ► The reserve ratio is calculated by dividing the required reserves by the bank’s total checkable deposits

8. Bank Transactions ► Once lending requirements have been set, a bank will “create” money in the form of loans. ► Conversely, money is destroyed once the loan has been repaid. ► Banks also may buy Government securities from the pubic which also creates money

9. Profits, Liquidity, & Federal Funds ► Profits: Bank profits come primarily from interest on securities they hold and off the interest they earn off of loans they grant ► Liquidity: Banks must seek safety by having liquidity to meet cash demands of depositors and check clearing transactions

10. Profits, Liquidity, & Federal Funds ► Federal Funds Rate: Banks borrow from one another in the Federal Funds Market. Rate at which they borrow is the Federal Funds Rate

11. Multiple Deposit Expansion ► Reserves lost by a single bank are not lost by the banking system as a whole. ► The result is a system that allows for “the banking system” to lend by a multiple of its reserves. (Monetary Multiplier) ► This is calculated by dividing one by the reserve ratio or M=1/R

12. Multiple Deposit Expansion An individual bank may loan only what they have in their “excess reserves” on a dollar for dollar basis. An individual bank may loan only what they have in their “excess reserves” on a dollar for dollar basis. We use the monetary multiplier to illustrate how much money is created throughout the system w/ a single deposit We use the monetary multiplier to illustrate how much money is created throughout the system w/ a single deposit