1. QOD Calculate how many liters of water are wasted in 1 month by a faucet that leaks 2 drops of water per second. (1 liter of water equals about 3500 drops) How many gallons is this? (1 liter equals 0.265 gallons)

2. Water Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 14 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 14

3. Key Concepts  The physical properties of water  Availability of fresh water  Methods of increasing freshwater supplies  Using water more efficiently  Problems associated with flooding

4. Water’s Unique Properties Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding Major factor in determining water’s unique propertiesMajor factor in determining water’s unique properties

5. O HH ++ -- O HH ++ -- O HH ++ -- Hydrogen bonds Covalent bonds

6. Water’s Unique Properties Liquid over wide temperature range Liquid over wide temperature range High boiling point 100°C (212°F)High boiling point 100°C (212°F) Low freezing point 0°C (32°F)Low freezing point 0°C (32°F) Changes temperature slowly Changes temperature slowly Helps protect organismsHelps protect organisms Moderates the earth’s climateModerates the earth’s climate Excellent coolantExcellent coolant High heat of evaporation High heat of evaporation Absorbs heat as it changes into water vaporAbsorbs heat as it changes into water vapor Releases heat as vapor condensesReleases heat as vapor condenses

7. Water’s Unique Properties Great dissolving power Great dissolving power Carries dissolved nutrients into tissueCarries dissolved nutrients into tissue Flush waste products out of tissueFlush waste products out of tissue All-purpose cleanserAll-purpose cleanser Remove and dilute water-soluble wastesRemove and dilute water-soluble wastes pH pH Helps maintain balance between acids and basesHelps maintain balance between acids and bases Adhesion and cohesion Adhesion and cohesion Surface tensionSurface tension Wetting abilityWetting ability Expands when it freezes Expands when it freezes Ice floatsIce floats

8. Water: A Vital Resource Oceans and saline lakes 97.4% Fresh Water 2.6%

9. Supply of Water Resources Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater Biota 0.0001% Biota 0.0001% Rivers 0.0001% Rivers 0.0001% Atmospheric water vapor 0.001% Atmospheric water vapor 0.001% Lakes 0.007% Soil moisture 0.005% Groundwater 0.592% Groundwater 0.592% Ice caps and glaciers 0.1.984% 0.014%

10. Available Water Total = 326 million cubic miles 97% of Earth’s water is in oceans 2.997% is locked up in ice caps and glaciers 0.003% is easily accessible –Soil moisture –Groundwater –Water vapor –Lakes –Streams

11. Water Supply & Use

12. Hydrologic Cycle Powered by solar energy and gravity Evaporation and precipitation Continuous recycling of water Runoff Infiltration Evaporation Temporary storage as snow and ice Temporary storage in lakes Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals Chemical reactions with rocks and minerals Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and mudflows as melted water mixes with ash Source of additional water? volcanism (steam)

13. Surface Water Surface runoffSurface runoff –Water flowing off the land into bodies of water Reliable runoffReliable runoff –One-third of world’s annual runoff –Represents a stable source of water Watershed (Drainage Basin)Watershed (Drainage Basin) –Region from which water drains

14. Groundwater Zone of aeration: As precipitation infiltrates and percolates through voids in soil and rock Pores, fractures, crevices, etc. Shallow rock has little moisture Zone of saturation depth were ground is filled with water Top of zone of saturation is water table Falls in dry weather Rises in wet weather

15. Groundwater Movement Groundwater moves from recharge area through an aquifer and out a discharge area –well, spring, lake, geyser, artesian well, steam, ocean Normally moves downhill at only a meter per year Some aquifers get little recharge and were formed thousands of years ago Removal from these nonrenewable resources is called water mining

16. Groundwater

17. Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Stream Infiltration Water table Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Lake Well requiring a pump Flowing artesian well Runoff Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer Ground Water Fig. 14-3 p. 315 Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area

18. Use of Water Resources AgricultureAgriculture IndustryIndustry DomesticDomestic Power PlantsPower Plants  Humans use about 50% of reliable runoff United States Industry 11% Public 10% Powercooling38% Agriculture41%

19. Use of Fresh Water United States 41% agriculture 38% power plant cooling 11% industry 10% public China 87% agriculture 7% industry 6% public

20. 5,500 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 190019201940196019802000 Water use (cubic kilometers per year) Total use Agricultural use Industrial use Domestic use Year

21. Water in the United States Average precipitation (top) in relation to water-deficit regions andAverage precipitation (top) in relation to water-deficit regions and their proximity to metropolitan areas (bottom). their proximity to metropolitan areas (bottom).

22. Too Little Water 1)Dry climate Air circulation patternsAir circulation patterns 2)Drought 21 days+21 days+ Precipitation <70%Precipitation <70% Increased evaporationIncreased evaporation 3)Desiccation Drying of the soilDrying of the soil 4)Water stress Low per capita availabilityLow per capita availability Caused by increased populationCaused by increased population Limited runoff levelsLimited runoff levels Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million

23. Water stressed – reliable runoff per person below 1700 cu meters per year Water scarcity – per capita availability below 1000 cu meter per year 500 million people live in countries that are either water stressed or water scarce limited access (live far away) limited access (live far away) arrives during short periods arrives during short periods hydrological poverty hydrological poverty –Collect water from unsafe sources –Purchase from private vendor Too Little Water

24. Global Precipitation Patterns Wright and Nebel, 2002. Michael D. Lee Ph.D. Geography and Environmental Studies

25. Increasing Fresh Water Supplies 1.Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff 2.Bring surface water from another area 3.Withdraw groundwater. 4.Convert salt water to fresh water 5.Waste less water 6.Import food to reduce water use

26. Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water (To Dam or Not To Dam)

27. Fig. 14-13a, p. 317 Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Large losses of water through evaporation Provides water for drinking Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Risk of failure and devastating downstream flooding Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Downstream flooding is reduced Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

28. Deliver nutrients to the sea which helps to sustain coastal fisheries Deliver nutrients to the sea which helps to sustain coastal fisheries Deposit silt that maintains deltas Deposit silt that maintains deltas Purify water Purify water Renew and nourish wetlands Renew and nourish wetlands Provide habitats for aquatic life Provide habitats for aquatic life Conserve species diversity Conserve species diversity Ecological Services of Rivers

29. Large Dams - Pros Collect and store water from rain and snowCollect and store water from rain and snow Produce electricityProduce electricity Irrigate land below the damIrrigate land below the dam Control floodingControl flooding Provide water to cities, towns and rural areasProvide water to cities, towns and rural areas Provide recreational activities such as swimming, boating, fishingProvide recreational activities such as swimming, boating, fishing

30. Large Dams - Cons Enormous loss of water due to evaporationEnormous loss of water due to evaporation Mass of water can cause earthquakesMass of water can cause earthquakes Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces peopleFlooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Danger of Dam collapseDanger of Dam collapse Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich soil, which will eventually clog the reservoirDownstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich soil, which will eventually clog the reservoir Migration and spawning of fish disruptedMigration and spawning of fish disrupted Expensive to buildExpensive to build

31. Upstream of Dams - Negative Impact EnvironmentEnvironment –Loss of terrestrial/riparian habitat and species –Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes) system –exotic species introductions –Reservoir/storage for contaminants Cultural / socialCultural / social –Loss of cultural resources –Displacement of families (villages, regions) –Water quality hazard EconomicEconomic –Shift in land use / economy –Water loss via evaporation –Water loss via seepage AestheticAesthetic –landscape inundated

32. RUSSIA MONGOLIA CHINA NEPAL BHUTAN INDIA BANGLADESH BURMA LAOS VIETNAM PACIFIC OCEAN Beijing CHINA Jailing River Chongquing Yichang Wunan Yangtze River Shanghai YELLOW SEA EAST CHINA SEA Three Gorges Dam Reservoir China’s Three Gorges Dam

33. Case Study: The Colorado Basin – an Overtapped Resource Lake Powell, is the second largest reservoir in the U.S.Lake Powell, is the second largest reservoir in the U.S. It hosts one of the hydroelectric plants located on the Colorado River.It hosts one of the hydroelectric plants located on the Colorado River.

34. Dam Aqueduct or canal Upper Basin Lower Basin IDAHO WYOMING UTAH Salt Lake City Las Vegas CALIFORNIA Boulder City Los Angeles Palm Springs San Diego Mexicali Yuma Phoenix Tucson LOWER BASIN ARIZONA Grand Canyon UPPER BASIN Grand Junction Denver COLORADO NEW MEXICO Albuquerque MEXICO Lake Powell Glen Canyon Dam All-American Canal Gulf of California 0 0 100 mi. 150 km The Colorado River Basin

35. Transferring Water from One Place to Another North Bay Aqueduct North Bay Aqueduct South Bay Aqueduct South Bay Aqueduct California Aqueduct CALIFORNIA NEVADA UTAH MEXICO Central Arizona Project Colorado River Aqueduct Los Angeles Aqueduct Shasta Lake Sacramento Fresno Phoenix Tucson ARIZONA Colorado River Sacramento River Sacramento River San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego Watershed transfer California Water Project California Water Project Central Arizona Project Central Arizona Project James Bay (Canada) James Bay (Canada)

36. Increasing Fresh Water Supplies 1.Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff 2.Bring surface water from another area 3.Withdraw groundwater.

37. Tapping Groundwater AdvantagesAdvantages –Year-round use –No evaporation losses –Often less expensive Potential Problems!Potential Problems! –Many

38. Problems with Using Groundwater 1)Water Table Lowering Initial water table Cone of depression Original water table Lowered water table

39. Problems with Using Groundwater 2)Aquifer depletion Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer WYOMINGSOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA COLORADO KANSAS OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO TEXAS 0100 Miles Kilometers Less than 61 meters (200 ft) 61-183 meters (200-600 ft) More than 183 meters (600 ft) (as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft. in places) 0160

40. Aquifer DepletionAquifer Depletion –95% of water removed from Ogallala Aquifer is for irrigation and the removal rate is greater than the refreshing rate www.npwd.org/Ogallala.htm

41. Problems with Using Groundwater 3)Subsidence –Sinking of land when groundwater is withdrawn

42. Aquifer Subsidence Mexico City’s aquifer has shrunk enough that land has dropped up to 7.5 mMexico City’s aquifer has shrunk enough that land has dropped up to 7.5 m http://www.geotimes.org/july01/sinking_titanic_city.htmlhttp://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/waton/mexfig2.html Well casing projecting from the ground (40 years)

43. Other Effects of Groundwater Overpumping Sinkholes form when the roof of an underground cavern collapses after being drained of groundwater.Sinkholes form when the roof of an underground cavern collapses after being drained of groundwater.

44. Problems with Using Groundwater 4) Saltwater intrusion Major irrigation well Well contaminated with saltwater Saltwater Intrusion Normal Interface Fresh groundwater aquifer Interface Salt water Sea Level Water table

45. Fig. 14-11, p. 315 Major irrigation well Well contaminated with saltwater Water table Fresh groundwater aquifer Sea level Saltwater Interface Seafloor Saltwater intrusion Interface Normal interface

46. Problems with Using Groundwater 5) Chemical contamination 6) Reduced stream flow 6)Tragedy of the commons

47. Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water Desalination – removing dissolved salts from ocean water or brackish water.Desalination – removing dissolved salts from ocean water or brackish water. –Distillation desalination Heating salt water until it evaporates.Heating salt water until it evaporates. –Reverse osmosis desalination Salt water is pumped at high pressure through a thin membraneSalt water is pumped at high pressure through a thin membrane

48. Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water Desalination Cons –Desalination is very expensive Larger amounts of energy neededLarger amounts of energy needed –Desalination produces large quantities of wastewater waste disposal problemwaste disposal problem

49. Making it Rain Cloud SeedingCloud Seeding –Water condensation nuclei –Silver iodide particles Limited SuccessLimited Success –Not useful in dry areas –Potential pollution from cloud seeding chemicals –Legal disputes: ownership of clouds

50. Using Water More Efficiently Reduce losses due to leakageReduce losses due to leakage –60 to75% of water people use is lost! Causes of wasteCauses of waste –Water subsidy policy Artificially low cost of waterArtificially low cost of water False sense of abundanceFalse sense of abundance

51. Using Water More Efficiently Causes of waste cont.Causes of waste cont. –Water laws Doctrine of riparian rights (East)Doctrine of riparian rights (East) –Anyone owning land adjoining stream has right to water Principle of prior appropriation (West)Principle of prior appropriation (West) –First-come, first-served Common law governs groundwaterCommon law governs groundwater –Subsurface water belongs to whoever owns the land above it – Fragmented watershed management

52. Fig. 14-18, p. 325 Center pivot Drip irrigation Gravity flow (efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves) Above- or below- ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots. Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river. (efficiency 90–95%) (efficiency 80%–95%) Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers.

53. Too Much Water: Floods Natural phenomena heavy rain, melting snow Natural phenomena heavy rain, melting snow Floodplain Levee Flood wall Dam Reservoir Renew and replenish Aggravated by human activities

54. Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future  Efficient irrigation  Water-saving technologies  Improving water management

55. What Can You Do? Water Use and Waste Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and faucet aerators. Shower instead of taking baths, and take short showers. Stop water leaks. Turn off sink faucets while brushing teeth, shaving, or washing. Flush toilets only when necessary. Wash only full loads of clothes or use the lowest water-level for smaller loads. Use recycled (gray) water for lawn, gardens, house plants, car washing. Wash a car from a bucket of soapy water, and use the hose for rinsing only. If you use a commercial car wash, try to find one that recycles its water. Replace your lawn with native plants that need little if any watering and decorative gravel or rocks. Water lawns and gardens in the early morning or evening. Sweep or blow off driveways instead of hosing off with water. Use drip irrigation and mulch for gardens and flowerbeds.

57. Step 1 Question 1: What is groundwater? Begin to construct your edible aquifer by filling a clear plastic cup 1/4 full with gummy bears, chocolate chips, or other candy Question 2: What does the candy represent?

58. STEPs 2 & 3 Add enough soda to just cover the candy. Add a layer of ice cream to serve as a "confining layer" over the water-filled aquifer. Question 3: What does a confining layer do?

59. Step 4 Colored sugars and sprinkles (AKA: Brown sugar) represent soils and should be sprinkled over the top to create the porous top layer (top soil). Question 4: What does porosity mean?

60. Step 5 Now add the food coloring to the soda. The food coloring represents contamination. Watch what happens when it is poured on the top of the "aquifer." Question 5: Describe what happens to the food coloring.

61. STEPS 6 & 7 Using a drinking straw, drill a well into the center of your aquifer. Slowly begin to pump the well by sucking on the straw. Watch the decline in the water table. Notice how the contaminants can get sucked into the well area and end up in the groundwater by leaking through the confining layer.

62. Last Step Now recharge your aquifer by adding more soda. Question 6: What does adding more soda represent? Question 7: What did you learn from making your edible aquifer? Make sure you have answered all the questions from each slide (Questions 1-7) AND ENJOY eating your edible aquifer.

63. Questions Question 1: What is groundwater? Question 2: What does the candy represent? Question 3: What does a confining layer do? Question 4: What does porous mean? Question 5: Describe what happens to the food coloring. Question 6: What does adding more soda represent? Question 7: What did you learn from making your edible aquifer?