1. Unit 5 – Genetics Other forms of inheritance Not all traits are simply dominant or recessive, with only 2 possible alleles.

2. Incomplete Dominance = BLENDING in heterozygotes Neither allele is dominant over the other, so individuals with a heterozygous genotype show a blended phenotype somewhere in the middle. (i.e. red + white=pink) Use different letters to represent each possible allele (instead of Rr use RW since there is not dominant or recessive allele) Examples: feather color in chickens, flower color such as roses or snapdragons.

3. EXAMPLE: ◦ Red flowers x White Flowers = Pink flowers Choose letters to represent each phenotype Red = RR White = WWPink = RW Cross a red parent with a white parent & give phenotype and genotype ratios of offspring.

4. Phenotype ratio: 100% Pink Genotype ratio: 100% heterozygous

5. You Practice Cross 2 pink flowers RRRW WW RWRW RWRW Phenotype: 25% Red, 25% White, 50% Pink Genotype: 25% Homozygous Red, 25% Homozygous White, 50% Heterozygous

6. Co-dominance = TOGETHER or SPOTTED – both traits are FULLY and SEPARATELY expressed Co means together, and BOTH alleles are dominant so they show up together. Ex: hair color in humans, fur color in cattle. Use different letters to represent each possible allele (instead of Bb use BW since there is not dominant or recessive alleles)

8. Sample cross…black and white fur in cows. BB = Black WW = White BW = Black AND White hairs together Cross a cow and a bull that have black and white hairs.

9. BBBW WW BW B W Phenotype: 25% Black, 25% white, 50% black and white Genotype: 25% homozygous black, 25% homozygous white, 50% Hetero

10. You Practice Cross a white cow with a black bull. BW W BBBB Phenotype: 100% Black and White Hairs Genotype: 100% Heterozygous

11. Human Blood Types: Use both co- dominance and regular dominant/recessive. A and B are co-dominant. O is recessive. Use the chart to help with crosses.

12. Cross a person who is homozygous for type A blood with a person who has type AB blood. AA AB A A A B Phenotype Ratio: 50% Type A, 50% Type AB Genotype Ratio: 50% Homozygous AA, 50% Heterozygous AB

13. You Practice Cross type O blood, with heterozygous type B blood. Bi ii i BiBi Phenotype: 50% Type B, 50% Type O Genotype: 50% Heterozygous Bi, 50% Homozygous Recessive

14. Sex-Linked: Use sex chromosomes and alleles. Some disorders are carried on the X chromosome. Examples of these disorders are color blindness, and hemophilia.

15. Only females can be carriers (heterozygous) because they have two X chromosomes Males either have the allele (and hence show the trait) or they don’t. Males only get 1 X, so whatever they inherit on that 1 X is what you see.

16. When doing Punnett Squares, you must first use sex chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male) then assign letters to the trait and put them as superscripts on the sex chromosomes. B = normal vision, b = color blind. Cross a heterozygous normal vision female with a normal vision male. (First cross sex chromosomes, then put on alleles and cross them).

17. Phenotype: 50% Normal vision females 25% Normal vision males 25% Color Blind males Genotype: 25% X B X b (Carrier) 25% X b Y 25% X B X B 25% X B Y

18. You Practice Cross a carrier female with a colorblind male and give the genotype and phenotype %. XBXbXBXb XbXbXbXb XBYXBYXbYXbY XBXbXBXb XbYXbY Phenotype: 25% Normal Vision Carrier Female 25% Colorblind Female 25% Normal Vision Male 25% Colorblind Male Genotype: 25% X B X b, 25% X b X b, 25% X B Y, 25% X b Y

19. Sex-Linked Pedigree

20. Multiple Alleles Multiple alleles are when there are more than 2 forms of a gene. Ex: human blood type (ABO), human hair colors. HBr = brown HBd = blonde hR = red hbk = black The possible genotypes and phenotypes: HBdHBd or HBdhbk = blonde HBdHBr = mousy brown HBdhR = strawberry blonde HBrHBr or HBr hbk = brown HBrhR = auburn hRhR or hRhbk = red hbkhbk = black

21. You Practice Cross a black hair parent with a blond hair parent whose mother had black hair. P = hbk hbk x HBdhbk HBdhbk hbkhbk hbk HBd hbk Phenotype: 50% Blond, 50% Black Genotype: 50% HBdhbk, 50% hbkhbk

22. Polygenic Polygenic traits are the result of the interaction of several genes (2 or more genes) Poly = many, Genic = “genes” Examples: human skin color, human eye color

24. Sex-Influenced Sex influenced traits are also autosomal, meaning that their genes are not carried on the sex chromosomes. These traits are influenced by gender. They can be influenced by hormone production. Example: pattern baldness due to testosterone.

25. Sex-Influenced

26. What is the probability that you will be bald if your father is homozygous and balding, and your mother is homozygous and not balding? Father = B ’ B ’ x Mother = BB All offspring are BB ’ If you are male, then you will be bald. If you are female, then you will not be bald.

27. X-Inactivation In mammals, males receive one copy of the X chromosome while females receive two copies. To prevent female cells from having twice as many gene products from the X chromosomes as males, one copy of the X chromosome in each female cell is inactivated randomly in each cell.