1. Plants General characteristics eukaryotes autotrophs, photosynthetic
even the insectivorous plants
cell wall
cellulose
not mobile
For plants
Phylum = Division

2. Classification based on:
Characteristics
Vascular tissue
Xylem
phloem
Reproduction
Spores
Seeds
Flowers

3. Make ATP! Make sugar! I can do it all… And no one even notices!
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The “factory” for making energy & sugars
chloroplast
Fuels
sunlight
carbon dioxide
water
The Helpers
enzymes
Make ATP! Make sugar! I can do it all… And no one even notices!
sun
CO2
ATP
enzymes
sugars
H2O

4. Chloroplast Structure
THYLAKOID – ONE DISK
GRANA
GREEN CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL
STROMA
SPACE IN BETWEEN GRANA
ALL COLORS OF LIGHT ARE ABSORBED EXCEPT GREEN

5. So what does a plant need?
Bring In
Light – leaves (top)
CO2 – stomata (bottom of leaves)
H2O – roots (xylem)
Let Out
O2 - stomata
Move Around
Sugars – phloem
xylem + phloem = vein
leaves
shoot
roots
6CO2
6H2O
C6H12O6
6O2
light
energy  +

6. Plants make more sugars than they can use.
use glucose in Respiration
convert glucose to sucrose, cellulose, & more to build plant structures
store glucose as starch
sugars are passed along the food chain
sun
ATP
sugars

7. Leaf Structure vascular bundle (vein) T xylem (water) phloem (sugar)
cuticle
epidermis
palisades
layer
Air space
spongy
layer O2
CO2
epidermis
stomate
Guard cells
cuticle
Pores or openings
Pair per stomate; open/close stomata
CO2
O2 AND H2O

8. Function of Leaf Structures
Cuticle – NOT made of cells
waxy coating reduces water loss
Epidermis – upper and lower
Cell layer protecting leaf tissues
Lower contains stomata
Palisades layer – top of leaf
high concentration of chloroplasts
collecting sun’s energy
photosynthesis
making ATP & sugars
Spongy layer – connects to stomata
air spaces - gas exchange
CO2 in for sugar production, remove waste O2

9. Vascular Bundle Xylem Phloem carry water up from roots
large, hollow, thick cell walls
“pipe-like” – hollow/dead
“wood”
Xylem
carry sugars around the plant wherever they are needed
new leaves
fruit & seeds
roots
Phloem

10. Transpiration Water evaporates from the stomates in the leaves
pulls water up from roots
water molecules stick to each other (polar) – cohesion
Stick to sides of xylem - adhesion
more water is pulled up through the tree from ground
Originally enters by osmosis
root hairs provide increased surface area

11. Stomates & Guard Cells Function of stomates CO2 in O2 out H2O out
gets to leaves for photosynthesis
Function of guard cells
open & close stomates

13. Guard cells & Homeostasis
Homeostasis - keeping the internal environment of the plant balanced
Stomates open
let CO2 in - needed to make sugar
let H2O out (GC’s are swollen - hypotonic)
so it gets to leaves – creates a “pull”
let O2 out - get rid of waste product
Stomates close
if too much H2O evaporating (GC’s are wilted – hypertonic)
ONLY close to conserve water!!!!!!!
Cannot stay closed permanently – plant will starve

14. organic molecules food consumers, heterotrophs release chemical energy
sun
Another view…
capture light energy
Photosynthesis
synthesis
producers, autotrophs
H2O
CO2
organic molecules food O2
waste
waste
waste
consumers, heterotrophs
digestion
Cellular Respiration
ATP
release chemical energy