1. September 16, 2014  Chapter 12 test today! Take a few minutes to study.  After test you will complete chapter 13 vocabulary and chapter 13 section 1 questions (wksheet on back cabinet).  Chapter 13 section 1 starts on page 398.  You will turn all this in today before you leave.

2. September 19, 2013  For Bell work you will read “Wealth and its Uses” primary source document and answer the questions that follow.

3. February 21, 2014  Chapter 12 test today! Study!  After your test you will complete chapter 14 vocab and Chapter 14 section one questions.  For questions you will use World History book pages 424-427  You will turn this in today!

4. September 25, 2013  Study for Chapter 13 test.  After your test you will do vocab chapter 14. Just do the terms to define in each section. Starts on page 424

5. “Isms” from the Industrial Revolution As industry grew in the 1700s and 1800s, the gap between the “haves”, and the “haves-not” was widening. Living and working conditions continued to get worse for the working class… Some people started calling for reform…

6. Tenements

7. New York during Industrial Revolution

9. Capitalism Leaders of the Industrial Revolution (owners of railroads, factories, and mines), did not agree with those who were calling for reform at the time. They believed in Laissez-faire (“let do” or “let them alone”) economics… People should be free to buy and sell, hire and fire, free from government Interference. Adam Smith-Scottish economist: wrote “Wealth of Nations” A.Economy works best when the natural forces of supply and demand operate without government interference. B. Businesses produce goods as inexpensively as possible, and consumers buy the best goods at the lowest prices.

10. Capitalism cont…  Thomas Malthus-Anglican clergyman  Wrote  Wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population   Poverty, famine, and misery were unavoidable because population was increasing faster than the food supply. David Ricardo-British economist   “iron law of wages”-rapid pop. Growth would lead only to fierce competition for jobs, lower wages, and higher unemployment.   Malthus/Ricardo-strong believers in laissez- faire.   Opposed gov’t aid to the poor.   Believed poor could help themselves by working hard, saving money, and have fewer children.

11. Young coal miners-Kingston, Pa  How would this photograph support critiscm of laissez-faire economics?

13. Breaker boys in the coal mines  Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.”  The coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead. Clouds of dust fill the breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners' consumption.

14. This is how we spend our free time!

15. A better society  Evangelicalism-a movement that joined person faith with social improvement.  William Wiberforce-opposed slavery  1807 bill ended British slave trade  1833 abolished slavery throughout British empire.  Lord Shaftbury-promoted laws to limit working hours for women and children.  1830 & 1840 regulated child employment  -prohibited women and children from working in mines  -10 hr work day in textile factories for women and children under 18.

16. Utilitarianism  The ideas that society should work for “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of citizens.  Jeremy Bentham promoted utilitarianism.  Bentham called for:  -a better code of law  -education for all  -public health service  -improved prisons

17. Reformers Some individuals thought society should be improved: Jeremy Bentham - Believed that: - Utilitarianism: The rightness of any action, law, or political institutionshould be measured by it’s usefulness… Usefulness could be judged by the contribution it made to human happiness and the reduction of misery. John Stuart Mill - A follower of Bentham who believed that: - He rejected Laissez-faire economics, was against monopolies, and Governments could influence the distribution of wealth by taxing income. Wrote On Liberty Promoted social progress and supported extending the vote to all adults Advocated equal rights to all women.

18. Socialism Some people thought that ending workers’ misery required eliminating Capitalism completely! Socialism: The belief that the means of production, capital, land, raw materials, and factories, should be owned or controlled by the society either directly or through the government. This way, wealth could be distributed equally! Robert Owen - Believed that competition caused society’s problems… Thus If cooperation replaced competition, life would improve. - Robert tried to test his theory by setting up mill towns.. One was successful (he didn’t give up all control), the other wasn’t.

19. Socialism cont…  Fredrich Engels-The Condition of the Working Class in England   Karl Marx believed history advanced through conflict- based teachings from German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel.   A. believed the only way to make the ruling class to give up control was through revolution.   B. Proletariat-working class (productive class).   C. Bourgeoisie-middle class   D. Proletariat would build a society in which the people owned everything.   E. Classes would vanish and gov’t would wither away

21. Communism  Governing principle would be “from each according to his ability to each according to his need.”  1900s-workers could buy more with their wages than they could 50 years before.  Workers gained the right to vote  Corrected social problems  Remained loyal to their individual nations.  In time, Democratic socialism developed in Western Europe.

22. Communism cont…  1900s revolution in Russia known as Marxist, a radical form of socialism became known as communism.  Karl Marx-the father of communism

23. Marxism One man dismissed the ideas of early socialists as impractical, he set out to provide a scientific basis for socialism… Karl Marx, working with Friedrich Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto, where they tried to appeal to the world’s workers… Karl Mark - Believed that to get to the best government you had to go through 4 stages: 1) Feudalism - Depended on ownership of land. Land = Wealth/power It ended because the lower classes rose up. 2) Capitalism - The rise of the industry. Industry = Wealth/power The working class would rise up to crush the middle class. 3) Socialism - Private property is banned, and the state MUST control all property to distribute it equally. ANYTHING that produces wealth should be government controlled… 4) Communism - THE END OF HUMAN EVOLUTION! - People would be so use to following rules that there would no longer be the need for a government! - Government would slowly go away and people would live in harmony. This would be the perfect society…

24. Question to Ponder… Which country(s) do you think Marx had in mind for the first to become Communist? Think about his “ladder” of governmental education…

25. September 20, 2013  Bell work: do chapter 13 vocab.  Just do the terms to define in each section.

26. September 18, 2014  Bell work: Do chapter 13 section 2 questions. Turn this in when you are finished.

27. Section 2 The New Science  New look at living things  German botanist Mathias Schleiden/biologist Theodor Schwann  Cell theory-all living things are made up of tiny units of matter called cells  Cells divide, multiply, causing organisms to grow and mature.

28. The diversity of life  Evolution-all plants and animals descended from a common ancestor.  Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck observed similarities between fossils and living organisms.  Lamarck's theory later disproved

29. The Diversity of Life cont…  Charles Darwin-British naturalist  Builds on the theory of evolution  Wrote On the Origin of Species   Stated most animal groups increase faster than the food supply and are constantly struggling for survival.

30. The diversity of life cont…  Charles Darwin-another book The Descent of Man  Traced human evolution from animal species.  Gregor Mendel concluded characteristics are passed from one generation to the next by tiny particles.  Particles later called genes  Genetics-science of heredity

31. Medical advances  Edward Genner-English doctor  First vaccination for small pox  Louis Pasteur-French Chemist  Discovered bacteria, or germs, and proved that they cause infectious diseases.  Bacteria can be killed only by heat or other means  1880s-vaccinne against rabies

32. New approaches to surgery  Surgery  Mid 1800s-sugical procedures done forcibly holding people down  Experience often gruesome and fatal

33. New Approaches to Surgery  1840s-two drugs for pain during surgery- ether and chloroform (sleep-producing chemical)  Patients feel no pain…Yay!  People are still dying from infection.  Joseph Lister-English surgeon  Found carbolic acid to sterilize medical instruments

34.  From being held down to being knocked out! Thank you Jesus!

35. Breakthrough in Physics  Atomic theory-ideas that all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.  John Dalton-English chemist  Discovered that elements are composed of atoms  1895-Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered x-rays  1898-Marie Curie and Pierre Currie discovered highly radioactive element of radium and proved that it emits energy

36. Social Sciences  Development of two new social sciences  Sociology-study of human behavior in groups  Psychology-science of human behavior in individuals  1890s Ivan Pavlov-Russian researcher  Experimented with animals to see what effects outside stimuli had on their behavior.

37. Social Sciences cont…  Sigmund Freud-Austrian Physician- unconscious part of mind governs human behavior  Psychoanalysis-method of treatment to discover people’s motives.

38. September 23, 2013  Bell work: Timeline activity 13-Cultural Revolution.  You will turn this in for a grade…you have fifteen minutes!

39. February 19, 2013  Bell Work: The Tenements of New York writing assignment.  Read the Article and then do the writing assignment.  You have 15 minutes to work on this…get busy! This is for a grade!

40. Section 3 Popular Culture  Improved living conditions  1740 many people died of starvation and disease, by 1800 new machinery and scientific methods produced many kinds of foods.  Ex. More nutritious food such as potatoes. Preserving foods: canning and refrigeration.

41. Seeking a better life  Railroads and steamships carried people to other countries.  Between 1870 and 1900, more than 25 million people left Europe for the United States.  Others moved to South America, South Africa, and Australia.  Emigration-leaving homeland to settle elsewhere.

42. Seeking a better life cont…  Immigration-settling permanently in a foreign land.  3 reasons:  1. higher paying jobs and better working conditions  2. to escape discrimination and religious persecution by oppressive governments  3. hoped to escape famine.  New troubles because of languages.

43. REASONS FOR COMING TO AMERICA  Factory jobs  Railroad jobs  Escape religious and political persecution  Poverty in home country  Social mobility  Gold Rush  Make money and take it back home  Birds of Passage

44. Why were Americans and immigrants migrating to the cities? Jobs in the factories Jobs in the factories Immigrants could not afford to purchase a farm Immigrants could not afford to purchase a farm Lived in Tenements – dumb bell tenements Lived in Tenements – dumb bell tenements Cities had much to offer – lights, running water, plumbing and things to do Cities had much to offer – lights, running water, plumbing and things to do Museums, libraries, theaters Museums, libraries, theaters

45. EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION The trip to the United States  Traveled in the steerage  Cheapest – steamships  Dirty  Many languages  Little food  About a week journey across the Atlantic  Arrived at Ellis Island

46. Ellis Island

47. UPON ENTERING THE US ALL IMMIGRANTS HAD TO - -  Pass a physical exam  Pass a document interrogation  Be able to work  Have $25.00  Pass a literacy test

48. Life once in the United States  2 hour interrogation  Moved to cities  Grouped together in the cities  Little Italy  China Town  Spoke in native languages and opened traditional stores, churches, schools…

49. PEAK IMMIGRATION YEARS  1905-1907  11,000 a day

50. Growth of Cities  Urbanization-spread of city life  Great Britain 1914 reached 80 percent  Germany 60 percent  America 50 percent  France 45 percent  People married earlier, had children adding to population  Cities’ growth failed to provide needed housing and sanitation

54. Working Class Lived in Tenements Lived in Tenements Dirty, dark crowded Dirty, dark crowded Multi-family apartments Multi-family apartments Made $490.00 a year Made $490.00 a year Sent kids to work to help out Sent kids to work to help out

55. Jacob Riis 1871 1871 Police reporter who investigated New York’s tenements. Police reporter who investigated New York’s tenements. Overcrowded apts., airless, and vent less Overcrowded apts., airless, and vent less Wrote a book called How the other Half Lives Wrote a book called How the other Half Lives

56. iis

57. Growth of cities cont…  Few cities had building codes that mandated adequate housing  Houses built close together in long rows, one against another  Workers crowd together in cramped unsanitary rooms  Fire hazards  Factories pollute the air

58. Transportation within the cities  Late 1800s Europe and the U.S. developed street cars and trolleys for people to commute back and forth to their jobs within the city.

59. What were some of the technical advances that helped solve the problems of overpopulation in the cities? Skyscraper – Chicago’s first was the Home Insurance Building Skyscraper – Chicago’s first was the Home Insurance Building 10 stories – Louis Sullivan designed it 10 stories – Louis Sullivan designed it New York had the Flatiron Building New York had the Flatiron Building Mass Transit Mass Transit 1873 – San Francisco- first Trolley car 1873 – San Francisco- first Trolley car 1887 – Frank Sparque – developed the first electric trolley car 1887 – Frank Sparque – developed the first electric trolley car 1888- Richmond, VA 1 st electric trolley line 1888- Richmond, VA 1 st electric trolley line Mass Transit: EL TRAIN – Chicago SUBWAY – New York

61. City services  City governments installed close sewer lines and improved garbage collection with police and fire protection  City planning-set aside areas as parks.  Architect Frederick Law Olmsted and landscape designer Calvert Vaux designed Central Park in 1858.  A place to go to “completely shut out the city”

63. Leisure Time  1800s-People enjoyed more cultural activities such as fine arts, museums, and amusement parks.  Other sources of entertainment:  Libraries  Sports such as soccer rugby, archery, tennis, and cricket.

64. AMUSEMENT PARKS  Family entertainment  Coney Island  New York  Water slides and Railroad rides  Cost 5 cents or 10 cents

65. Coney Island

66.  Games  Participate or spectator  Cricket  Rounders  Combined Cricket and Baseball  Boxing  Baseball  Cincinnati Red Stockings – first paid team 1869  First World Series 1903  Boston Red Sox and Pittsburgh Pirates

69.  Football  Appealed to the upper class  Began in private colleges and universities  Late 1800s - spread to public universities  Leisure Activities  Work was less physically demanding  More spare time  Tennis, golf, croquet, Basketball, circus, photography

70. Music  Rag Time  Fast paced  Syncopated rhythms  Scott Joplin  One of the most important African American ragtime composers  “The King of Ragtime”  Maple Leaf Rag

71. Settlement House Movement Social Gospel Movement-preached salvation through service to the poor. Social Gospel Movement-preached salvation through service to the poor. Settlement houses-community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance. Settlement houses-community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance. Ran by middle-class, college-educated women. Ran by middle-class, college-educated women.

72. Settlement houses cont… 1 st settlement house (Hull House) founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. 1 st settlement house (Hull House) founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889.

73. New interest in Education  U.S. and Great Britain supported public schools by funding from the gov’t and made it available for everyone.  Women’s role did not require education but others believed women should have the same opportunities.  Laws were put in place to include girls and some secondary schools(limited only to wealthy few) began to open enrollment.

74. Education for women  Women’s colleges  1837 Mary Lyon (American educator)- opened first women’s college.  Later becomes known as Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts.  1874- London School of Medicine  Two years of debate-British Parliament allowed women to be registered as doctors.

75. Results of education  Demands for reading materials such as magazines and books was a direct effect of the educational system.  By 1860 mass-circulation of newspapers  More than 3,000 were published in the U.S.  Newspapers provided rapid communication thanks to cheaper printing methods, and improved distribution by RR and steamship

76. September 24, 2013  Bell work: Study for vocab quiz!  After you turn in your quiz you will do the Chapter 13 Cultural Revolution worksheet.  Number the bullet points from 1-8. Wait for further instructions…I will tell you what to do.

77. Revolution in the Arts  The Romantic Movement  Romanticism-a movement in which artists would emphasize human emotion and imagination over reason.  The struggle for personal freedom and heroic rebellion against society’s rules are frequent themes in their works.  Felt compassion for the weak and oppressed.

78. Romantic Music  These people fused music with imaginative literature.  Music was meant to stir emotions- Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, and Chopin: all great composers from this time period.

79. Romantic Literature  Created emotion filled, imaginative works.  Schiller and Von Goethe glorified freedom fighters.  Alexandre Dumas-The Three Musketeers.  Victor Hugo-The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables portraying human suffering with compassion and power.

80. Romantic Painting  Painters began to portray exotic, powerful subjects in a dramatic and colorful way.  Eugene Delacroix shows the figure of Liberty as a brave woman carrying a flag and leading patriots through the streets of Paris.

81. The Turn Toward Realism  Realism-portray life in a realistic matter.  Painter and writers wished to portray life as it was.

82. Realism in Literature  Charles Dickens focused on deplorable conditions in hospitals, prisons and poorhouses of London.  Leo Tolstoy-wrote War and Peace  He reflected his compassion for the peasants and gave his analysis of social customs.  Symbolism-created a world of shadowy images evoked by symbols.

83. New Trends in Painting  Impressionism-based their art on proper subject matter and traditional techniques.  Claude Monet-most famous impressionists.

84. New trends in Painting  Postimpressionism-formed their styles independently to express in different way the chaos and complexity around them

85. Post Impressionism  1880s artists turn away from impressionism.  They formed styles independently to express in different ways the chaos and complexity around them.  Vincent Van Gogh-used brilliant colors and distorted forms to make intense statements.  Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec-Used Paris nightlife as a major subject.