1. The Nature of Intensity and European Macroseismic Scale
Ina Cecić
MOP-ARSO, Urad za seizmologijo
Dunajska 47/VI, Ljubljana, Slovenija

2. Intensity
is a classification of the strength of shaking at any place during an earthquake, in terms of its observed effects.

3. Intensity is... not a physical parameter
shorthand for longer descriptions
written using integer values, Roman numerals

4. Intensity scales are
series of descriptions of typical earthquake effects,
each with an accompanying number,
arranged so that increasing numbers reflect increasing severity.

5. Macroseismology
is a part of seismology that deals with non-instrumental data about earthquakes
collects and evaluates the evidence of earthquake effects on people, objects, buildings and nature

6. Macroseismology
has been long neglected but its importance was again recognised and today is taking an upward path, especially in Europe
provides the possibility of calibrating the important historical earthquakes in comparison to the modern ones

7. Macroseismology
gives the essential base for the studies of seismic hazard and risk
helps preventing the loss of life and property in future earthquakes

8. Macroseismic data
are the data on behavior of people, objects, buildings and nature during the earthquake
can range from “felt only by individuals at rest” to “total collapse of almost all buildings”

9. The data that are of interest might be about household objects...

10. ... or different cases of damage...
6 Oct 1997
9 Oct 1997

11. ...or even strange behavior of animals

12. Macroseismic data
are evaluated using intensity scales, the most recent and modern one being European Macroseismic Scale 1998
(EMS-98)

14. EMS-98 Arrangement of the scale
Effects on humans
Effects on objects and on nature
Damage to buildings

15. EMS-98 IV. Largely observed
a) The earthquake is felt indoors by many and felt outdoors only by very few. A few people are awakened. The level of vibration is not frightening. The vibration is moderate. Observers feel a slight trembling or swaying of the building, room or bed, chair etc.
 b) China, glasses, windows and doors rattle. Hanging objects swing. Light furniture shakes visibly in a few cases. Woodwork creaks in a few cases.
 c) No damage.

16. EMS-98 VI. Slightly damaging
 a) Felt by most indoors and by many outdoors. A few persons lose their balance. Many people are frightened and run outdoors.
b) Small objects of ordinary stability may fall and furniture may be shifted. In few instances dishes and glassware may break. Farm animals (even outdoors) may be frightened.
c) Damage of grade 1 is sustained by many buildings of vulnerability class A and B; a few of class A and B suffer damage of grade 2; a few of class C suffer damage of grade 1.

17. EMS-98 Definition of quantity

18. EMS-98 Classification of damage
Masonry buildings
Buildings of reinforced concrete

19. EMS-98 Classification of damage
Grade 1: Negligible to slight damage (no structural damage, slight non-structural damage)
Hair-line cracks in very few walls.
Fall of small pieces of plaster only.
Fall of loose stones from upper parts of buildings in very few cases.

20. EMS-98 Classification of damage
Grade 2: Moderate damage (slight structural damage, moderate non-structural damage)
Cracks in many walls.
Fall of fairly large pieces of plaster.
Partial collapse of chimneys.

21. EMS-98 Classification of damage
Grade 3: Substantial to heavy damage (moderate structural damage, heavy non-structural damage)
Large and extensive cracks in most walls.
Roof tiles detach. Chimneys fracture at the roof line; failure of individual non-structural elements (partitions, gable walls).

22. EMS-98 Classification of damage
Grade 4: Very heavy damage (heavy structural damage, very heavy non-structural damage)
Serious failure of walls; partial structural failure of roofs and floors.

23. EMS-98 Classification of damage
Grade 5: Destruction (very heavy structural damage)
Total or near total collapse.

24. EMS-98 Classification of damage
Grade 1: Negligible to slight damage (no structural damage, slight non-structural damage)
Hair-line cracks in plaster over frame members or in walls at the base,
Fine cracks in partitions and infills.

25. EMS-98 Classification of damage
Grade 5: Destruction (very heavy structural damage)
Collapse of ground floor or parts (e. g. wings) of buildings.

26. EMS-98 Vulnerability table
Differentiation of structures (buildings) into vulnerability classes

28. Campania 1980
Type of structure: field stone masonry (in very weak mortar) A
Grade of damage: 5

29. Montenegro 1979 Type of structure: simple stone masonry B
Grade of damage: 4

30. Swabian Alb 1978 Type of structure: unreinforced masonry B
Grade of damage: 2

31. Friuli 1976 Grade of damage: 4
Type of structure: unreinforced masonry, with RC floors C

32. Irpinia 1987
Type of structure: RC frame C-E?
Grade of damage: 4

33. Kobe 1995
Type of structure: RC walls C-E?
Grade of damage: 5