1. Biodiesel Cold Flow Basics Information for Petroleum Distributors, Blenders, and End-Users on Issues Affecting Biodiesel in the Winter Months Prepared by the National Biodiesel Board Winter 2007/2008

2. Diesel Fuel & Cold Weather Operability Operability is defined as the lowest temperature a vehicle will operate without loss of power due to waxing of the fuel delivery system.

3. Diesel Fuel Background Information Relevant to Biodiesel Diesel fuels composition and cold flow properties vary greatly across the United States. Cold flow characteristics of diesel fuels are influenced by the source of the crude oil they are made from, how they are refined and if they are blended to improve performance during cold weather. The cold temperature properties of diesel fuel vary across the country depending on the time of year the fuel is produced and the climate. Generally, diesel fuels used in cold climates have better cold flow characteristics than diesel fuels used in warmer regions. Both of these statements have a direct impact on the operability of biodiesel blends in cold weather

4.  Cloud Point Temperature where crystals first appear  Cold Filter Plugging Point The lowest operating temperature in which a vehicle will operate  Pour Point Lowest temperature where fuel is observed to flow Three Important Cold Weather Parameters that Define Operability for Diesel Fuels & Biodiesel

5. CRYSTALS GROW AND BEGIN TO ADHERE TO ONE ANOTHER Understanding the Cold Flow Mechanism in Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel NUCLEI LARGE CRYSTALS ADHERE, TRAPPING LIQUID. POCKETS ARE FORMED SIMILAR TO A HONEY COMB. FUEL GELLED. Pour Point VISIBLE CRYSTALS Cloud Point More wax precipitates as the temperature decreases

6. Typical Treatment of Diesel for Cold Weather Operation Additives  All commercial cold flow additives work by modifying the wax crystal structure during crystal formation when cooling occurs.  Dosage level (expressed in parts per million (ppm)) of individual commercial additives varies depending on wax content and temperature.  Key Point: Additive must be added to fuel before it reaches cloud point temperature to be effective.

7. Kerosene (#1-D)  #1-D has excellent cold flow properties and is generally blended with #2-D in the winter months across the United States to meet customer cold flow specifications, improving/ insuring operability. Cloud and pour points, and CFPPs of some #1-D can be well below - 30 º F. Typical Treatment of Diesel for Cold Weather Operation

8. Biodiesel and Cold Weather Operability Basic Facts about Biodiesel & Cold Weather  B100 freezes faster than most US petrodiesel.  Untreated B20 freezes about 2-10° F faster than #2 petrodiesel, depending on: the cold flow properties of the biodiesel the cold flow properties of the petrodiesel at blend levels of 20% and less (< B20), the cold weather parameters of the diesel fuel will dominate

9. Biodiesel Feedstock Composition and Cold Weather Operability  The cold flow properties of biodiesel fuels are dependant on the feedstock (specific type of oil, fat or grease) from which they are made and are a strong function of the level of saturated fat.  Animal fats, palm and coconut oils are more highly saturated— higher CN, higher cloud point. INCREASING CETANE NUMBER (CN) AND STABILITY BETTER COLD FLOW PROPERTIES

10. Cloud Point (CP) Variation in 3 Different Diesel & Biodiesel Blends—Soy Methyl Ester (SME)

11. Variation in Pour Point (PP) of 3 Different Biodiesel Base Feedstocks

12. Biodiesel Blends Cold Flow Characteristics Cloud Point (°F) Pour Point (°F) Cold Filter Plugging Pt Soy Methyl Esters322522 #2 Diesel4-301 2% Soy in #26-251 5% Soy in #28-20 50% #1 and 50% #2-6-45-12 2% Soy in 50/50-6-40-14 5% Soy in 50/50-6-40-14 #1 Low Sulfur Diesel-54-70<-30 2% Soy in #1-45-60<-30 5% Soy in #1-32-55<-30

13. ASTM D 6751-07a PropertyTest MethodLimitsUnits Calcium & MagnesiumEN 145385 maxppm (ug/g) Alcohol Control either Flash PointD 93130 minDegrees C or GC MethanolEN 141100.2% Volume Flash PointD 9393 minDegrees C Kin. Viscosity, 40C D 4451.9 - 6.0mm²/sec. Sulfated AshD 874 0.02 max% mass Sulfur S500D 54530.05 max (500)% mass (ppm) S15D 54530.0015 max (15)% mass (ppm) Copper CorrosionD 130No. 3 max Cetane NumberD 61347 min Cloud PointD2500Reportdegrees C Carbon ResidueD 45300.05 max% mass Acid Number D 6640.50 maxmg KOH/g Free GlycerinD 68540.020% mass Total GlycerinD 68540.240% mass Phosphorous ContentD 49510.001 max% mass Distillation, T90 AETD 1160360 maxdegrees C Na/K, CombinedEN 145385 maxppm (ug/g) Oxidation StabilityEN 141123 minhours (Visual Appearance)D 4176 Free of un-dissolved water, sediment and suspended matter

14. Cold Weather Performance with Biodiesel  Establish a benchmark for cold flow protection based on the ASTM D975 “Tenth Percentile Minimum Ambient Air Temperature.” the lowest ambient air temperature which will not go lower on average more that 10% of the time  Make sure the petroleum distributor is aware of this and incorporates it into blending operations

15. Biodiesel Blending and Cold Weather Operability  The impact of blending biodiesel with diesel fuel is dependent on the characteristics of the base diesel fuel and the methyl ester.

16.  Generally, the better the cold flow characteristics of the base diesel fuel, the greater the effect of blending biodiesel on its cold flow properties. Blending biodiesel with #1-D and premium diesel fuels tends to affect cold flow properties more than blending biodiesel with #2-D. Biodiesel Blending and Cold Weather Operability

17.  Concerns arise when the fuel temperature falls below the cloud point of either fuel, independently, or as a finished blend fuel. Biodiesel Blending and Cold Weather Operability

18. B100 Cold Weather Storage and Delivery Precautions  B100 stored in cold temperatures (less than 40º F) must be heated to at least 60ºF prior to distribution or blending into middle distillates of any grade.  If pumping biodiesel in cold weather through a conventional fuel pump, keep the hose and supply line to the pump equally protected with heat. An option to heating the systems is to blend B100 with 50% kerosene to dilute the cold weather properties of the biodiesel.

19. Cold Weather Blending Options and Precautions  With any type of blending (splash, in-tank or bottom loading), putting B100 into a cold empty truck can cause the fuel to gel, prohibiting proper mixing.  Always maintain biodiesel at 10–15º F above its cloud point prior to blending with diesel fuel.

20. Low Blends of Biodiesel and Cold Weather Operability  Blends of 2% and 5% biodiesel with diesel fuel have little impact on cold flow properties. Only small increases in cloud and pour point are observed, while the CFPP often decreases slightly when using B2.

21.  As long as the B2 or B5 blend is made using an appropriate “ winter grade ” diesel fuel, no special provisions are required for storing, transferring or using the fuel. Low Blends of Biodiesel and Cold Weather Operability

22. Biodiesel and Cold Flow Additives  Cold flow additives essentially work only on the diesel portion of the biodiesel blend as U.S. oils and fats contain too high a level of saturated compounds for most additives to be effective.  The cold flow additive effectiveness can also change dramatically depending on the exact type of biodiesel and the processing it has undergone; much like the situation found with diesel fuel.

23. Conclusions  Cold flow properties of petrodiesel fuel vary widely.  One MUST be aware of the cold flow properties of both the biodiesel AND the petrodiesel. With blends of 20% and below, petrodiesel is dominant  Prepared properly, blends of B5 or less do not appear to be appreciably different from the base petrodiesel.

24.  Blending biodiesel with #2 petrodiesel in blends of 20% (B20) does have an impact on the cold flow properties. Saturated oils and fats have more of an effect on cold flow properties.  Blending biodiesel with #1 petrodiesel in blends of 20% (B20) results in more of an impact on cold flow properties than with #2 petrodiesel. But the resulting #1 blend still has better cold flow values than #2. Conclusions

25. Cool Customers Cranmore Mountain Resort When snow falls at a rate of several inches per hour and all signs point to perfect weekend ski conditions, this ski resort has a lot riding on successful operation of its snow grooming equipment. How others use biodiesel in cold climates

26. Cool Customers City of Brooklyn Park, MN The city has used biodiesel blends since 1999 in its fleet of over 100 vehicles— including fire trucks, utility and police vehicles. How others use biodiesel in cold climates

27. Cool Customers Yellowstone National Park Biodiesel powers about 300 vehicles, boilers and other diesel equipment at the crown jewel of America’s National Park System. How others use biodiesel in cold climates