1. Language and Politics Quick Learn

2. Working Vocabulary  Official Language: one recognized by the government and in which the government conducts business (different than a standard)  Mono/bi/multi-lingual states: Political entities with one, two, or many official languages  Language and government are linked through history, ethnicity, and power relationships

3. Canada  Two official languages: Bilingual (1867) Government prints in both English and French Government prints in both English and French Private organizations encouraged Private organizations encouraged New Brunswick (bi) Quebec (mono) New Brunswick (bi) Quebec (mono)  Quebec has threatened secession numerous times  Laws in the province protect from English incursion  Francophones/Anglophones

4. Old Quebec: Cultural Landscape

5.  20% Canadian residents are not native anglo/francophones (immigrants!)  The five most widely-spoken non-official languages are Chinese, Punjabi, Spanish, Italian, and Dutch  21 Million speak English at home, 6 million French (91% in Quebec)  “Canada is not a bilingual country. It is a country with two languages. And there is a big difference.” –Stephen Harper

8. Nigeria  English is official but the society is multi lingual Cultural/linguistic unity Cultural/linguistic unity 1 st language for small minority (urban elite) 1 st language for small minority (urban elite) Pan-Nigerian alphabet developed Pan-Nigerian alphabet developed  Over 521 cataloged languages tribal languages Niger Congo Niger Congo Afro-Asiatic Afro-Asiatic Nilo-Saharan Nilo-Saharan  Numerous internal problems/civil wars: Country divided along linguistic/religious/ethnic lines

11. Switzerland  Adjacent to France, Germany, and Italy French (20%), Swiss German(60%), Italian(10%), Romansch (1%) French (20%), Swiss German(60%), Italian(10%), Romansch (1%) Officially Multi-lingual Officially Multi-lingual  Bern in the middle of German region: no effective political problems based on language  Cantons 16/26 are monolingual German 16/26 are monolingual German 3 are bilingual, 4 are French 3 are bilingual, 4 are French 1 Italian, I bilingual Italian/German 1 Italian, I bilingual Italian/German 1 trilingual 1 trilingual

12. DE for GermanFR for FrenchIT for ItalianRO for Romansh