1. Language Varieties
By Mariela Arroyo S.

2. chapter 20: Language Varieties
The main aim of this chapter is to give to know the different varieties of languages.

3. Geographical variation and Social variation in language use.
Every language have more than one variety. In the English there are different types of variations such us :
Linguistic variation
Geographical variation
and Social variation
in language use.

4. Standard Language It is a variety of the language.
It is used in formal location: newspaper, books, mass media and schools.
It considers grammatically correct.
One of the variety of language.
It is understanded for everyone.

5. Every groups of people from different places ,region, culture , status has an accent.
Dialect refers to differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation too.

6. Dialect Accent /'wɔ:tər / - /'wɔ:tə(r)/
It’s a variation of language that involves features of grammar, vocabulary, as well as aspect of pronunciation.
Example:
Jamaican English
Accent
It involves differences in pronunciation.
/'wɔ:tər / /'wɔ:tə(r)/

7. i. e. : American and British English they have different accents
i.e. : American and British English they have different accents. This means that they have differences in their suprasegmental features, rhythm, intonation and pronunciation.
What does accent involve?
It is the relative prominence of a particular syllable of a word by greater intensity or by variation or modulation of pitch or tone. Vocal prominence or emphasis given to a particular syllable, word, or phrase.
A characteristic pronunciation, especially:
One determined by the regional or social background of the speaker.
One determined by the phonetic habits of the speaker's native language carried over to his or her use of another language.
A distinctive feature or quality, such as a feature that accentuates, contrasts with, or complements a decorative style

8. Mutually Intelligibility
A mutually intelligible language is one which can be easily understood by the speaker of another mother tongue.
This usually occurs in genetically related languages which share similar features such as grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation which means the second language can be understood without the requisite study normally required in the acquisition of a language other than one’s own.

9. There are many languages with are mutually intelligible
Examples :
Spanish Portuguese
Afrikaans Dutch Low German
English Lowland Scots Danish

10. A better variaty of a languge has to do with the pretigious that the sociaty gives to a language depending on the recognicion of it according to the political and cultural connections. Whis is most used by the media and means of communication .

11. Isogloss An isogloss separates different linguistic features.
It’s a geographical boundary of a certain linguistic item. An isogloss can separate areas
Example
An area can use different vocabulary, pronunciation but there is the same country.

12. Dialect Boundary
When a number of Isoglosses come together, a more solid line we can draw a dialect boundary.
Example:
Paper bag v/s Paper sack
It’s used in the upper midwest of U.S.A
It’s used in the rest of Iowa, Nebraska

13. Dialect Continuum
A dialect continuum can occur with related language existing on the other side of a political border.
A dialect continuum refers to the influence that has some regions with others, near of it.

14. Variety merges into another
If you travel from Holland into Germany you will find Dutch Speakers but if you travel into Germany, German speakers occurs.
It means at most dialect boundary areas, one variaty merges into another.
Holland Germany
Variety merges into another
(Dutch speaker)

15. Bilingual country Monolingual country
It’s a country which has two official languages.
Individual bilingualism doesn’t have to be the result of political dominance by a group using a different language.
Example :
UNITED STATES, CANADA, PUERTO RICO.
It’s a country which has only one official language.
A monolingual country is a mistaken view, it ignores the existence of large community and English is an excellent example of this.
CHILE

16. Language Planning The process of selection of a official language
Goverment, legal and
educational
bodies in many
countries
have to plan
which varieties
of language
will be
spoken in the
country.
takes place as a
national,
playing a part in
not only
social, but also
national, identity.
The process
of selection
of a official
language

17. In addition to Spanish there are 26 Mayan languages.
Guatemala U.S.A (San Antonio,Texas)
In addition to Spanish there are 26 Mayan languages.
The majority listen to radio broadcast in Spanish than English

18. Process of language planning
Process of selection (choosing an official language)
Codification
Elaboration
Implementation
Acceptance
is the final stage
(the population
have come to
use
the Standard and to
think of it as a
national language)
is largely
a mater
of government
Attempts
to encourage
use of the
Standard
(follows, with
the standard
variety being
developed
for use in
all aspect of social
life and the
Appearance
of a body
of literary work
(which basic
grammar,
dictionary,
written models
are used to
establish a
Standard variety)

19. Pidgin
English Pidgin are characterized by an absence of any complex grammatical morphology.
For example:
-Inflectional suffixes such as –s (plural) and –’s (possessive)
-functional morphemes often take place of inflectional morphemes found in the source of language.
Pidgin hasn’t a written record.
It’s a variety of a language, which developed for some practical purpose. It’s a trade language. It is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language

20. Creole It becomes the first language of a social community.
It descendants from Pidgins.
The separate vocabulary elements of Pidgin can become grammatical elements in Creole.

21. Creole: It is any language that began as a pidgin but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the original mother tongue or tongues. Examples are the Gullah of South Carolina and Georgia (based on English), the Creole of Haiti (based on French) Similarities among creoles worldwide have led some linguists to speculate that they share a common origin, probably others attribute the similarities to universal laws governing human language.

22. Reference Yule, G. (1996). The Study of Language.
UK: Cambridge University Press