1. Introduction network Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a network
These rules include guidelines that regulate:
the method of access,
types of cabling and
speed of size data transfer
PROTOCOL =
SET OF RULES ABOUT COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN NETWORKS!

2. The most common protocols are:
Ethernet
Local Talk
Token Ring
FDDI
ATM
Protocol = a formal description of a set of rules and conventions that govern how devices on a network exchange information
Did you ever wonder what HTTP in web addresses was about? It stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol

3. Ethernet Most widely used
Uses an access method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection

4. A bit like waiting for some one to get
What does that mean?
Each computer in the network ‘listens’ to the cable before sending anything through the network. If the network is clear, the computer will transmit.
If another computer is already transmitting on the cable, the computer will wait and try again when the line is clear
A bit like waiting for some one to get
off the telephone

5. CSMA/CD =Carrier Sense Multiple Access /Collision Detection
Ethernet (continued)
A collision happens if two computers attempt to transmit at the same time.
Each computer then backs off and waits a random amount of time before attempting to retransmit
.It is normal to have collisions using this method,
but the delays caused by collisions and transmissions is small, and does not effect speed of transmission on the network
CSMA/CD =Carrier Sense Multiple Access /Collision Detection

6. Ethernet (continued)
Ethernet protocol allows for data to be transmitted over twisted pair, coaxial or fiber optic cable at a speed of 10 Mbps
(more on that later)

7. Fast Ethernet
To allow for faster transmission, the Ethernet protocol has developed a new standard that supports 100 Mbps
Fast Ethernet requires the use of more expensive equipment and network cards

8. One gigabit per second = one thousand megabits per second
Gigabit Ethernet
The Ethernet protocol has also developed a new standard that allows transmission of 1 Gbps (gigabit per second)
One gigabit per second = one thousand megabits per second

9. Local Talk
Local Talk is a network protocol that was developed by Apple for Macintosh computers
Local Talk uses the CSMA/CA
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
It works in a similar way to CSMA/CD
It is a lot slower than Ethernet (only 230 Kbps)

10. Token Ring Token ring protocol involves ‘token-passing’.
It is not as popular as Ethernet protocol
A single electronic ‘token’ moves around the ring from one computer to the next. If a computer wishes to transit and receives an empty token, it attaches data to the token which then proceeds around the ring until it comes to the computer the data is meant for.

11. FDDI Stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Is used mainly to connect two or more LANs, often over large distances
Can operate over fiber optic cable at 100 Mbps

12. ATM- Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Transmit data at a speed of 155 Mbps and higher
Works by transmitting all data in small packets of fixed size (other protocols transfer variable size packets)
Like FDDI , is most often used to connect two or more LANs

13. Where does TCP/IP fit into all this?
TCP/IP is the protocol that is used for the transmission of information over the Internet
IP (Internet Protocol) - the main delivery system for information over the Internet
TCP (Transport Control Protocol) - used to break apart and rebuild information that travels over the Internet
In Chapter 3 We will look into this protocol in details.