1. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 1 Audit Responsibilities and Objectives مسؤولية واهداف التدقيق Chapter 6

2. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 2 Objective of Conducting an Audit of Financial Statements The objective of the ordinary audit of financial statements is the expression of an opinion of the fairness with which they present fairly, in all respects, financial position, result of operations, and its cash flows in conformity with GAAP.

3. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 3 Steps to Develop Audit Objectives 1.Understand objectives and responsibilities for the audit. 2.Divide financial statements into cycles. 3.Know managementassertions about accounts.

4. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 4 Steps to Develop Audit Objectives 4.Know general audit objectives for classes of transactions and accounts. 5.Know specific audit objectives for classes of transactions and accounts.

5. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 5 Management’s Responsibilities Management is responsible for the financial statements and for internal control. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act increases management’s responsibility for the financial statements. It requires the CEO and the CFO of public companies to certify the quarterly and annual financial statements submitted to the SEC.

6. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 6 Auditor’s Responsibilities  Material versus immaterial misstatements responsible that material misstatements are detected  Reasonable assurance  Errors versus fraud  Professional skepticism  Fraud resulting from fraudulent financial reporting versus misappropriation of assets

7. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 7 Auditor’s Responsibilities for Discovering Illegal Acts  Direct-effect illegal acts  Indirect-effect illegal acts  Evidence accumulation when there is no reason to believe indirect-effect illegal act exists

8. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 8 Auditor’s Responsibilities for Discovering Illegal Acts  Evidence accumulation and other actions when there is reason to believe direct- or indirect-effect illegal acts may exist  Actions when the auditor knows of an illegal act

9. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 9 Financial Statements Cycles Audits are performed by dividing the financial statements into smaller segments or components.

10. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 10 Transaction Flow Example Ledgers, Trial Balance, and Financial Statements General ledger and subsidiary records General ledger trial balance Financial statements Acquisition of goods and services Sales Cash receipts Transactions Cash receipts journal Sales journal Acquisitions journal Journals

11. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 11 Transaction Flow Example Allocation and adjustments Cash disbursements Payroll services and disbursements Ledgers, Trial Balance, and Financial Statements General ledger and subsidiary records General ledger trial balance Financial statements Transactions Payroll journal Cash disbursements journal General journal Journals

12. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 12 Relationships Among Transaction Cycles General cash Capital acquisition and repayment cycle Sales and collection cycle Acquisition and payment cycle Payroll and personnel cycle Inventory and warehousing cycle

13. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 13 Balance and Transactions Affecting Balances Example Beginning balance Sales $ 17,521 $144,328$137,087 Cash receipts $ 1,242 Sales returns and allowances Charge-off of uncollectible accounts Ending balance$ 20,197 $ 3,323 Accounts Receivable (in thousands)

14. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 14 Management Assertions 1.Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period under audit 2. Assertions about account balances a period end 3. Assertions about presentation and disclosure

15. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 15 Management Assertions for Each Category of Assertions Assertions About Classes of Transactions and Events Assertions About Account Balances Assertions About Presentation and Disclosure OccurrenceExistenceOccurrence and rights and obligations Completeness AccuracyValuation and allocation Accuracy and valuation ClassificationClassification and understandability Cutoff Rights and obligations

16. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 16 Occurrence Recorded transactions exist Completeness Existing transactions are recorded Accuracy Recorded transactions are stated at the correct amounts General Transactions-related Audit Objectives

17. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 17 Classification Transactions are properly classified. Timing Transactions are recorded on the correct dates. Posting and summarization Transactions are included in the master files and are correctly summarized. General Transactions-related Audit Objectives

18. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 18 Management Assertions and Transaction-related Audit Objectives Management Assertions About Classes of Transactions and Events General Transaction- related Audit Objectives Specific Sales Transaction- related Audit Objectives Occurrence Recorded sales are for shipments made to nonfictitious customers Completeness Existing sales transactions are recorded Accuracy Recorded sales are for the amount of goods shipped and are correctly billed and recorded Hillsburg Hardware Company: As Applied to Sales Transactions

19. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 19 Management Assertions and Transaction-related Audit Objectives AccuracyPosting and summarization Sales transactions are properly included in the master file and are correctly summarized Classification Sales transactions are properly classified CutoffTimingSales transactions are recorded on the correct dates. Management Assertions About Classes of Transactions and Events General Transaction- related Audit Objectives Specific Sales Transaction- related Audit Objectives Hillsburg Hardware Company: As Applied to Sales Transactions

20. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 20 ExistenceAmounts included exist Completeness Existing amounts are included Accuracy Amounts included are stated at the correct amounts General Balance-related Audit Objectives

21. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 21 Classification Amounts are properly classified Cutoff Transactions are recorded in the proper period Detail tie-in Account balances agree with master file amounts, and with the general ledger General Balance-related Audit Objectives

22. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 22 Realizable value Assets are included at estimated realizable value Rights and obligations Assets must be owned General Balance-related Audit Objectives

23. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 23 Management Assertions and Transaction-related Audit Objectives Management Assertions About Account Balances General Balance- related Audit Objectives Specific Balance-related Audit Objectives Applied to Inventory Existence All recorded inventory exists at the balance sheet date Completeness All existing inventory has been counted and included in the inventory summary Hillsburg Hardware Company: As Applied to Inventory

24. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 24 Management Assertions and Transaction-related Audit Objectives Management Assertions About Account Balances General Balance- related Audit Objectives Valuation and allocation Accuracy Inventory quantities on the client’s perpetual records agree with items physically on hand Prices used to value inventories are materially correct Extensions of price times quantity are correct and details are correctly added Hillsburg Hardware Company: As Applied to Inventory Specific Balance-related Audit Objectives Applied to Inventory

25. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 25 Management Assertions and Transaction-related Audit Objectives Management Assertions About Account Balances General Balance- related Audit Objectives Valuation and allocation Classification Cutoff Inventory items are properly classified as to raw materials, work in process, and finished goods Purchase cutoff at year end is proper Sales cutoff at year end is proper Hillsburg Hardware Company: As Applied to Inventory Specific Balance-related Audit Objectives Applied to Inventory

26. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 26 Management Assertions and Transaction-related Audit Objectives Management Assertions About Account Balances General Balance- related Audit Objectives Valuation and allocation Detail tie-in Realizable value Total of inventory items agrees with general ledger Inventories have been written down where net realizable value is impaired Hillsburg Hardware Company: As Applied to Inventory Specific Balance-related Audit Objectives Applied to Inventory Rights and obligationsRights and obligations The company has title to all inventory items listed Inventories are not pledged as collateral

27. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 27 Management Assertions and Presentation and Disclosure-related Audit Objectives Hillsburg Hardware Company: As Applied to Notes Payable Management Assertions About Presentation and Disclosure Specific Presentation and Disclosure-related Audit Objectives Applied to Notes Payable Occurrence and rights and obligations Occurrence and rights and obligations Notes payable as described in the footnotes exist and are obligations of the company Completeness All required disclosures related to notes payable are included in the financial statement footnotes GeneralPresentation- and Disclosure- related Audit Objectives

28. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 28 Management Assertions and Presentation and Disclosure-related Audit Objectives Hillsburg Hardware Company: As Applied to Notes Payable Management Assertions About Presentation and Disclosure Specific Presentation and Disclosure-related Audit Objectives Applied to Notes Payable Valuation and allocation Valuation and allocation Footnote disclosures related to notes payable are accurate. Classification and understandability Classification and understandability Notes payable are appropriately classified as to short-term and long-term obligations and related financial statement disclosures are understandable GeneralPresentation- and Disclosure- related Audit Objectives

29. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 29 How Audit Objectives Are Met The auditor must obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to support all management assertions in the financial statements.  An audit process has four specific phases

30. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 30 Four Phases of a Financial Statement Audit Phase I Plan and design an audit approach Phase II Perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions Phase III Perform analytical procedures and tests of details of balances Phase IV Complete the audit and issue an audit report

31. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 6 - 31 End of Chapter 6