1. CSE4/563: Knowledge Representation Recitation September 13, 2010 “Intelligence is the art of good guesswork.” –H.B. Barlow

2. Questions/Concerns http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Courses/C SE563/2010/Homeworks/hw0.pdf

3. What is Artificial Intelligence?

4. What kinds of things or concepts do we need in the definition?

5. What is Artificial Intelligence? "[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning..." (Bellman, 1978) "The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models" (Charniac and McDermott, 1985) "The study of the computations that make it possible to percieve, reason, and act" (Winston, 1992)

6. What is Artificial Intelligence? "The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people" (Kurzweil, 1990) "The study of how to make computers do things which at the moment people are currently better" (Rich and Knight, 1991) "Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents" (Poole, et al, 1998) "AI... is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts" (Nilsson, 1998)

7. What is Artificial Intelligence? A field of computer science and engineering concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent behavior, and with the creation of artifacts that exhibit such behavior. (Shapiro, 2010)

8. Propositions What are they?

9. Propositions What are they? “I believe that it is not the case that…” Examples Counter-examples

10. Semantics Intensional

11. Semantics Intensional – Independent of model or situation – Represented in English Extensional

12. Semantics Intensional – Independent of model or situation – Represented in English Extensional – AKA ‘Denotation’ – Relative to model or situation – Resolves to a truth value

13. Example [Betty is the Passenger ~Betty is the Driver] What are the intensional semantics?

14. Example [Betty is the Passenger ~Betty is the Driver] What are the intensional semantics? Betty is the passenger if and only if Betty is not the driver. What are the extensional semantics?

15. Example Betty is the Passenger ~Betty is the Driver What are the intensional semantics? Betty is the passenger if and only if Betty is not the driver. What are the extensional semantics? …is true if [[Betty is the Passenger]] and [[~Betty is the driver]] are both true or both false, otherwise it is false.

16. Model Finding with Excel Betty is the Passenger ~Betty is the Driver Tom is the Passenger ~Tom is the Driver Betty is the Passenger Tom is the Driver Tom is the Passenger Betty is the Driver ~Betty is the Passenger.

17. Model Finding with Semantic Tableau T:Betty is the Passenger ~Betty is the Driver T:Tom is the Passenger ~Tom is the Driver T:Betty is the Passenger Tom is the Driver T:Tom is the Passenger Betty is the Driver F:~Betty is the Driver.