1. INPUT & OUTPUT By Deepak Singhal

2. W HAT IS I NPUT ? Any data or instructions used by a computer Input devices Hardware Keyboards Pointing devices Scanners Other devices Translates data into a form that the system unit can process Page 180

3. P OINTING D EVICES Mouse Mechanical Optical Cordless or wireless Joystick Touch Screen Light Pen Page 182

5. S CANNING D EVICES Optical scanners Flatbed Portable Bar code readers Handheld wand readers or platform scanners Contain photoelectric cells that read bar codes

6. W HAT IS O UTPUT ? Processed data or information Types of output Text Graphics Audio & video Output devices Monitors Printers Other Devices Page 190

7. M ONITORS Known as screens or display screens Output referred to as soft copy Features Resolution-pixels Dot pitch Refresh rate Size Page 191

8. A UDIO -O UTPUT D EVICES Translates audio information from the computer into sounds that people can understand Common devices Speakers Headphones Page 196

9. R OBOT S ENSORS Why do Robots Need Sensors? Makes robots “interesting” Gives the robot capability to goal-seek Protection & Self-Preservation Allows interaction with environment

10. W HAT S ENSORS A RE O UT T HERE ? Photoelectric (Visible) Infrared (light) Ultrasonic (sound) Color Sensors GPS (location)

11. B AR - CODING Why use barcodes? As far back as the 1960s, barcodes were used in industrial work environments. Some of the early implementations of barcodes included the ability identify rail road cars. In the early 1970s, common barcodes started appearing on grocery shelves. To automate the process of identifying grocery items, UPC barcodes were placed on products. Today, barcodes are just about everywhere and are used for identification in almost all types of business

12. R EADING B ARCODES One of the most common tools for reading barcodes is the hand held barcode scanner. All of the barcode scanner recommended and sold by ID Automation have built-in decoders that can read several different bar code types. Most of the scanner sold by ID Automation receive their power from the PC keyboard or USB port so no external power supply is required. When a barcode is scanned, the data is sent to the PC as if it was typed using a keyboard.

13. B ASIC S TEPS

14. BMCA H ARDWARE : Pharmacy Scanner Multiple computers Keyboard Mouse Portable scanner

15. I NFORMATION S YSTEMS : System ElementsDefinitions BMCA Examples InputData and information entered into a computer system Scanned orders, entered orders, scanned barcodes ProcessAction of transforming input into output Pharmacy and nurses verifying orders in the system throughout the process OutputChanges that exit a system and that can activate or modify processing After scan, software verifies that the medication is correct according to the 5 rights of administration so the medication can be given FeedbackInformation from the system that is used to make modifications in the input, processing actions, or outputs Pharmacy message option, medication error forms ControlRegulates: input via checks, process by completing the operations & detecting errors, and output by ensuring conformity Pharmacy allergy checks, scanning alerts when wrong medication scanned, wrong time, etc.

16. W HAT IS RFID? RFID is an ADC technology that uses radio- frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track... RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item

17. RFID O PERATIONS

18. A RE A LL T AGS T HE S AME ? Variations: Memory Size (16 bits - 512 Kbytes +) Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam Arbitration (Anti-collision) Ability to read/write one or many tags at a time Frequency 125KHz - 5.8 GHz Physical Dimensions Thumbnail to Brick sizes Price ($0.50 to $250)

19. P ORTAL A PPLICATIONS Bill of Lading Material Tracking

20. L ABEL

21. H AZ M AT S MART L ABEL 4 Low power > long range 4 1024 bit memory 4 Read/write/lock on 8 bits 4 Advanced protocol 3Efficient multi-id  Lock data permanently 312 ms/8 byte read  25ms/byte write 3Group select  Broadcast write 340 tags/second  Anti-collision

22. L ADS, D ADS, & G RANDDADS                          

23. H OW D OES A T OUCH SCREEN W ORK ? A basic touch screen has three main components: 1 Touch sensor; 2Controller; 3 Software driver. The touch screen is an input device, so it needs to be combined with a display and a PC or other device to make a complete touch input system.

24. TOUCH SCREEN Structure Resistive touch screens consist of a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically conductive and resistive layers made with indium tin oxide (ITO).The thin layers are separated by invisible spacers.

25. T HANK Y OU !