1. http://www.nearingzero.nethttp://www.nearingzero.net (work005.jpg)

2. Comment on exam scores…  SP2015 Exam 2 grade distribution (regrades not included)

3. Announcements  Homework note: use the Biot-Savart Law if you must calculate the magnetic field of a ring or coil. Don’t start with a “random” equation from the text or lecture notes. Example: Special Homework #7. For the loop, start with the Biot-Savart Law.  Special Homework #7 is due tomorrow. Download it from the Physics 24 web site if lost it.

4. Homework Hints The Biot-Savart law gives the magnetic field due to an infinitesimal current-carrying wire: Integrate over the entire wire to get the total magnetic field. If the wire is long and straight: If you want to calculate the field of a tiny segment of a wire (“tiny”= wire segment length is much less than other lengths/distances in the problem) you can use the Biot-Savart law directly. No need to integrate.

5. Today’s agenda: Magnetic Field Due To A Current Loop. You must be able to apply the Biot-Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field of a current loop. Ampere’s Law. You must be able to use Ampere’s Law to calculate the magnetic field for high-symmetry current configurations. Solenoids. You must be able to use Ampere’s Law to calculate the magnetic field of solenoids and toroids. You must be able to use the magnetic field equations derived with Ampere’s Law to make numerical magnetic field calculations for solenoids and toroids.

6. Magnetic Field of a Current Loop P a x x A circular ring of radius a carries a current I as shown. Calculate the magnetic field at a point P along the axis of the ring at a distance x from its center. I y z Draw a figure. Write down the starting equation. It tells you what to do next.

7. Magnetic Field of a Current Loop P a x dB x  A circular ring of radius a carries a current I as shown. Calculate the magnetic field at a point P along the axis of the ring at a distance x from its center. dldl 90-  I y dB y dB x  90-  z Complicated diagram! You are supposed to visualize the ring lying in the yz plane. d l is in the yz plane. r is in the xy plane and is perpendicular to d l.* Thus Also, dB must lie in the xy plane* (perpendicular to d l ) and is perpendicular to r. *Only when d l is centered on the y-axis!

8. P a x dB x  dldl 90-  I y dB y dB x  90-  z By symmetry, B y will be 0. Do you see why? Use symmetry to find B y. Don’t try to integrate dB y to get B y. See here for the reason. here

9. P x dB z x dldl I y dB y dB x z When d l is not centered at z=0, there will be a z-component to the magnetic field, but by symmetry B z will be zero.

10. I, x, and a are constant as you integrate around the ring! P a x dB x  dldl 90-  I y dB y dB x  90-  z This is not on your starting equation sheet. I will add it if we have homework or a test problem where I judge that you need it.

11. At the center of the ring, x=0. P a x dB x  dldl 90-  I y dB y dB x  90-  z This is not on your starting equation sheet, but I will add it if we have homework or a test problem where I judge that you need it. For homework, if a problem requires this equation, you need to derive it! For N tightly packed concentric rings (a tight coil)…

12. Magnetic Field at the center of a Current Loop A circular ring of radius a lies in the xy plane and carries a current I as shown. Calculate the magnetic field at the center of the loop. a z dldl I x y One-page derivation, so you won’t have to go through the general derivation (I will work it at the blackboard)! The direction of the magnetic field will be different if the plane of the loop is not in the xy plane. Homework hint: use this derivation in Special Homework #7.

13. I B r Ampere’s Law Just for kicks, let’s evaluate the line integral along the direction of B over a closed circular path around a current-carrying wire. ds The above calculation is only for the special case of a long straight wire, but you can show that the result is valid in general.

14. Ampere’s Law I is the total current that passes through a surface bounded by the closed (and not necessarily circular) path of integration. Ampere’s Law is useful for calculating the magnetic field due to current configurations that have high symmetry. I B r ds The current I passing through a loop is positive if the direction of integration is the same as the direction of B from the right hand rule. I B r ds positive I negative I

15. Your text writes Your starting equation sheet has I1I1 ds If your path includes more than one source of current, add all the currents (with correct sign). I2I2 because the current that you use is the current “enclosed” by the closed path over which you integrate. The reason for the 2 nd term on the right will become apparent later. Set it equal to zero for now. 0

16. Example: a cylindrical wire of radius R carries a current I that is uniformly distributed over the wire’s cross section. Calculate the magnetic field inside and outside the wire. I R Cross-section of the wire: R r  direction of I B Choose a path that “matches” the symmetry of the magnetic field (so that the dot product and integral are easy to evaluate); in this case, the field is tangent to the path.

17. R r  direction of I B Over the closed circular path r: Combine results and solve for B: B is linear in r.

18. R r  direction of I B Outside the wire: (as expected). B rR Plot: A lot easier than using the Biot-Savart Law!

19. Calculating Electric and Magnetic Fields Electric Field in general: Coulomb’s Law for high symmetry configurations: Gauss’ Law Magnetic Field in general: Biot-Savart Law for high symmetry configurations: Ampere’s Law This analogy is rather flawed because Ampere’s Law is not really the “Gauss’ Law of magnetism.”

20. Today’s agenda: Magnetic Field Due To A Current Loop. You must be able to apply the Biot-Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field of a current loop. Ampere’s Law. You must be able to use Ampere’s Law to calculate the magnetic field for high-symmetry current configurations. Solenoids. You must be able to use Ampere’s Law to calculate the magnetic field of solenoids and toroids. You must be able to use the magnetic field equations derived with Ampere’s Law to make numerical magnetic field calculations for solenoids and toroids.

21. Magnetic Field of a Solenoid A solenoid is made of many loops of wire, packed closely* together. Here’s the magnetic field from a loop of wire: Some images in this section are from hyperphysics. hyperphysics *But not so closely that you can use

22. Stack many loops to make a solenoid: Ought to remind you of the magnetic field of a bar magnet.

23. You can use Ampere’s law to calculate the magnetic field of a solenoid.                                               B I     l N is the number of loops enclosed by our surface.

24.                                               B I     l Magnetic field of a solenoid of length l, N loops, current I. n=N/ l (number of turns per unit length). The magnetic field inside a long solenoid does not depend on the position inside the solenoid (if end effects are neglected).

25. A toroid* is just a solenoid “hooked up” to itself. Magnetic field inside a toroid of N loops, current I. The magnetic field inside a toroid is not subject to end effects, but is not constant inside (because it depends on r). *Your text calls this a “toroidal solenoid.” B

26. Example: a thin 10-cm long solenoid has a total of 400 turns of wire and carries a current of 2 A. Calculate the magnetic field inside near the center.

27. “Help! Too many similar starting equations!” long straight wire center of N loops of radius a solenoid, length l, N turns solenoid, n turns per unit length toroid, N loops “How am I going to know which is which on the next exam?” use Ampere’s law (or note the lack of N) probably not a starting equation field inside a solenoid is constant field inside a toroid depends on position (r)