1. Jasmine Lucio, Juanita Mendez, Alex Gordillo Education Reform

2. Pre-Reform: Originally students were taught by their parents Blacks were forbidden to learn to read and write in the South and rarely in the North 19 th century ½ of kids never went to school Idea of public school began in 1840-1850

3. Taxation for Education Wealthy families funded most public schools (1825-1850) Strong support for tax supported education Local property tax to finance public education Free education was important for democracy Schools were very inefficient

4. Noah Webster(1758-1843) “School Master of the Republic” Created the American Dictionary of 1828 Wrote grammatical institute of the English language Before the Dictionary people wrote words anyway they wanted

5. Girls Education Women education was looked down upon because they believed they wouldn’t be ready for marriage Should concentrate on - needlework - music - painting Sarah Pierce disagreed - created a school for girls - schools existed for 4 decades (1792-1833) - 3,000 students from 15 states

6. Horace Mann(1796-1859) “Father of the Common School Movement” Background: Born in Massachusetts Lawyer and Senator 1837 - elected secretary of the Massachusetts board of education Passion: Improving public schools became his life's work Common School would be a great equalizer for society Started Common School Movement in Massachusetts

7. Mann’s six principles of education 1. Citizens cannot maintain both ignorance and freedom 2. This education should be paid for, controlled, and maintained by the public 3. This education should be provided by the school that embrace children from varying background; 4. This education must be nonsectarian; 5. This education must be taught using tenets of a free society; 6. This education must be produced by well trained, professional teachers

8. Reference  Liberty for All by Joy Hakim  www.Boundless.com www.Boundless.com  www.Biography.com www.Biography.com  www.Slideshare.net