1. AP US History

3. “The Americans claim is by the right our manifest destiny to overspread and to posses the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty…”

4.  Manifest = obvious  Destiny = predetermined course of events  It was America’s obvious destiny to take over the ENTIRE continent to the Pacific

8.  Cheap land  Better climate  Economic depression of 1837-1843 in east  Promise of riches (GOLD!!! SILVER!!!)  California Gold Rush of 1848 and 1849  Colorado, Nevada, Dakotas also experienced gold/silver rushes

12.  Santa Fe Trail  Oregon Trail  California Trail  Mormon Trail

14.  1842: Portion of Maine and Minnesota  1845: Texas  1846: Oregon Country  1847: Mexican Cession  1853: Portion of New Mexico and Arizona

19. Moses Austin Stephen Austin

20.  Moses Austin: Missouri banker who received large land grant; died before he could recruit settlers  Steven Austin: son; started American migration; led 3,000 families  Mexico wanted to attract settlers to Texas – even Anglos

21.  Mexico outlaws slavery  Mexico requires all immigrants to convert to Roman Catholicism

22.  Most Americans refused to obey Mexican laws  Settlers from the US south kept streaming in by the thousands  Mexican government closed Texas to additional American settlement

23.  Takeover of Mexico by General Santa Anna in 1834  Santa Anna seeks to enforce Mexican laws in Texas  Sam Houston leads American settlers in revolt  Texas declared independent republic (March 1836)

24. Sam Houston Santa Anna

25.  Alamo (San Antonio): February and March 1836  Mexicans captured fort and killed all defenders except for a few slaves, women, and children  Davy Crockett  Allowed Sam Houston to prepare for next battle  REMEMBER THE ALAMO!!!!  Battle of San Jacinto: April 1836  Sam Houston leads Texans; defeated Mexicans in 18 minutes  Captured Santa Anna; forced him to sign treaty that  Recognized Texas’ independence  Gave Texas all land north of the Rio Grande

29.  Mexican legislature refused to recognize his treaty with Sam Houston  Primary dispute was over location of Texas’ southern border  Mexico said Nueces River  Texans said Rio Grande

30.  Under the administrations of Jackson and van Buren, Texas’ request to be made a US state was denied because…  Northerners feared slavery would expand into the areas that Texas occupied (remember the Missouri Compromise line?)  Many feared costly war with Mexico

32.  United States  Based claim on discovery of Columbia River by Robert Gray in 1792, on Lewis and Clark expedition of 1805; and on fort and fur trading post established at Astoria in 1811  Russia  Based claim on Russian settlements coming down from Alaska  Great Britain  Based claim on Hudson River Company’s fur trade with NW Indians  Spain  Gave up claim in Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (which also ceded FL)

33.  Democrats split between van Buren and Calhoun  “dark horse” candidate nominated: James K. Polk  “Fifty-four forty or fight” was Polk’s slogan  Slogan appealed to southerners and westerners who wanted annexation

34.  In 1844, John Tyler pushed through a joint resolution in the House and Senate to approve annexation  Joint resolution only required simple majority in each  A Treaty required 2/3 in each

35.  Polk backed down on “Fifty-four forty or fight” slogan  Settled for half of Oregon country  Divided Oregon country at 49 th parallel  Gave British Vancouver Island  Treaty approved in June 1846

39.  Polk send representative (John Slidell)to Mexico City to propose two things…  US would buy California and New Mexico territories from Mexico  US wanted to settle border between Texas and Mexico  Both proposals rejected by Mexicans

40. John Slidell James K. Polk

41.  American aggression or Mexican aggression?  Polk ordered Zachary Taylor into disputed territory with Mexico  April 1846: Mexicans killed 11 US soldiers on patrol in territory  Polk sends war message to Congress

42.  Stephen Kearney takes Santa Fe, New Mexico territory and southern California  John C. Fremont takes northern California & proclaims an independent republic (Bear Flag Republic)  Zachary Taylor drives Mexicans army from Texas, across Rio Grande, and wins at Buena Vista  Winfield Scott invades at Veracruz & takes Mexico City

43. Stephen Kearney

44. John C. Fremont

45. General Zachary Taylor

46. Winfield Scott at Veracruz

47. Winfield Scott in Mexico City

48.  1848:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Mexican Cession)  Mexico recognized Rio Grande as Texas border  US received Mexican Cession  Numerous present-day states  US paid Mexico $15 million

49.  Proposal at beginning of Mexican-American War by David Wilmot of Pennsylvania that said…  Slavery should be forbidden in new territories acquired from Mexico in war  Passed House but defeated in the Senate, WHY???  Southerners had enough votes to defeat it in the Senate but not enough in the House

50. David Wilmot

51.  Seen by many as first round in escalating conflict between north and south that would lead to Civil War  WHY???  Because it addressed issue of whether or not new territories would be slave or free

53.  US purchase of portions of Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico in 1853 under Franklin Pierce for $10 million  Needed it for southern trans-continental railroad

57.  1852: Ostend Manifesto  Pierce adopts pro-southern policies to expand slavery  Sent diplomats to Ostend, Belgium to buy Cuba from Spain  The Ostend Manifesto (the agreement the US made with Spain to buy Cuba) was leaked to the press  Drew angry reaction from anti-slavery Congressmen  Pierce forced to drop the deal

58.  Walker Expedition  William Walker (southerner) takes over Nicaragua in 1855  US temporarily recognizes his regime  Sought to develop pro-slavery territory  Defeated by Central American countries and executed in 1860

59.  1850: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty  US and Britain agreed that neither nation would try to take exclusive (by itself) control of any future canal route  Would later be cancelled with Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 (which gave US exclusive control of canal route through Panama)

61.  William Seward, US Secretary of State  $7.2 million (2 cents per acre)  “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”