1. Scope and status of cloud property products Claudia Stubenrauch*, S. Kinne, W. B. Rossow + Cloud Assessment Team *Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSL/CNRS Ecole Polytechnique, France Max Planck http://climserv.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/gewexca

2. Cloud Assessment initiated in 2005 by GEWEX Radiation panel (GRP) 2005-2010: 4 workshops (Madison, New York, Berlin) 2009-2011: Preparation of common data base (monthly statistics in netCDF format) 2011: WCRP report, BAMS article & opening of data base to public http://climserv.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/gewexca co-chairs: C. Stubenrauch, S. Kinne Assessments essential for climate studies & model evaluation:  Homogenized documentation on sensor, calibration retrieval method, ancillary data sampling evaluation  state strength & limitations & suitable applications for each data set  make clear statements for each of the cloud properties (global averages & distributions, regional variability, seasonal cycles, diurnal cycle, interannual variations, longterm anomalies)

3. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati3 properties:(GCOS ECV’s) cloud amount CA+ rel. cloud type amount pressure/ height CP/CZ temperature CT IR emissivity CEM eff cloud amount CAE (= cloud amount weighted by emissivity) VIS optical depth COD Water path CLWP/CIWP eff part. radiusCRE 1° x 1° monthly statistics per obs time: histograms ● averages, ●monthly variability, ● histograms (tot, High, Mid Low Water, Ice) CP 680hPa CT>260K, CT<260 / 230K Cloud Assessment common data base to facilitate assessments, climate studies & model evaluation

4. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati4 ISCCP ISCCP GEWEX cloud dataset 1984-2007 (Rossow et al. 1983, 1999) TOVS Path-B TOVS Path-B 1987-1994 (Stubenrauch et al. 1999, 2006) AIRS-LMD AIRS-LMD 2003-2009 (Stubenrauch et al. 2008, 2010) MODIS-ST eam MODIS-CERES MODIS-S cience T eam 2001/3-2009 (Ackerman et al.; Platnick et al.) MODIS-CERES 2001/3-2006 (Minnis et al.) MISR MISR 2001-2007 (DiGirolamo et al.) relatively new retrieval versions: PATMOS-x PATMOS-x ( AVHRR)1982-2009 (histos 96-09) (Heidinger et al.) ATSR-GRAPE ATSR-GRAPE ERS, 1999-2002 / ENV, 2003-2009 (Poulsen et al.) only CA or CAE & CT: HIRS-NOAA HIRS-NOAA 1982-2008 (Wylie et al. 2005) CALIPSO-ST eam CALIPSO-S cience T eam 2007-2008 (Winker et al. 2007, 2009) CALIPSO-GOCCP CALIPSO-GOCCP 2007-2008 (Chepfer et al. 2009) POLDER POLDER (O 2 & Rayleigh)2006-2008 (Riedi et al.) Participating datasets: complementary cloud information:

5. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati5 Cloud properties from space: 1) multi-spectral cloud detection 2) cloud property retrieval (based on radiative transfer) Passive remote sensing (>1980) Active (A-Train, >2006) uppermost cloud layerall cloud layers info on uppermost cloud layerinfo on all cloud layers good spatial coveragesparse sampling (track/1000km) (radiative height)p/z, T (radiative height)  VIS /  IR horizontal extension bulk microphysical properties (top)z (top)  VIS vertical extension microphys. prop. profiles  IR-NIR-VIS radiometers, IR Sounders, multi-angle VIS radiometers perceive clouds differently  cloud property accuracy scene dependent ! most difficult scenes: low contrast with surface (thin Ci, low cld, polar regions ), multi-layer Ci  Global : generalized vs optimized retrievals lidar, radar perceive clouds differently lidar : sensitive to thin (subvis) ci, apparent cloud base (COD<5) -> lidar – radar synergy

6. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati6 IR-NIR-VIS radiometers good spat res (1-5km), 1 to 5 radiometric channels: day-night 1) COD,CT (assumption on microphys) 2) spectral diff (VIS-NIR) -> CRE, CWP IR Sounders spat res 15km, good spectral res in CO 2 abs band (5-8 channels) : sensitive to thin cirrus no 1) CP,CEM ( no assumption on microphys) 2) spectral diff (8-12  m) -> CRE, CWP (only ci) VIS, multi-angle radiometers only day, 1/20km res, only sensitive to clouds with COD>2: Ci over low cld -> low cld multi-angle scattering -> cld top Polarization -> CT independent phase

7. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati7 IR,NIR,VIS radiometers: ISCCP geo+leo, 3h / 5km; VIS-IR -> CT, COD; AVHRR VIS-NIR -> CRE,CWP only dataset that directly resolves diurnal cycle & covers whole globe most thoroughly evaluated (≥ 37 articles) most thoroughly evaluated (≥ 37 articles) has proven its extreme usefulness in many cloud studies has proven its extreme usefulness in many cloud studies cld detection based on spatial and temporal variability; operational TOVS atm profilesPATMOSx 7:30 /1:30; 5km; 11  m, 12  m -> CT,CEM; 0.6  m,3.8  m -> COD,CWP,CRE) 7 scene types; OE cld retrieval; NCEP atm profilesATSR-GRAPE 10:30; 1km; 0.7,0.9,1.6,11,12  m ->COD,CRE,CP,Tsurf,phase OE cld retrieval; ECMWF atm profiles Particularities of datasets:

8. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati8 IR Sounders: 5-8 channels around 14  mCO2 abs band -> CP, CEM sensitive to thin cirrus (COD > 0.1), also in case of multi-layer clouds; day and night HIRS-NOAA HIRS-NOAA (7:30/1:30; 17km, <32°) ISCCP like cloud setection, CO2 slicing for CP < 650 hPa, else opaque CT (CT-ST<-3/-5K o/l) NCEP atm profiles TOVS Path-B AIRS-LMD TOVS Path-B (7:30/1:30; 17/100km); AIRS-LMD (1:30;13km) multi-spectral cld detection, weighted  2 method, providing unbiased CP for hgh & low clouds retrieved atm profiles active lidar: CALIPSO CALIPSO (1:30, 70mx5km) ST: ST: hor av: 5/20/80km for cld detection -> includes subvisible Ci, CT at top GOCCP: GOCCP: vert av Particularities of datasets:

9. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati9 IR,NIR,VIS + CO2 abs band: MODIS MODIS (10:30/1:30;1km) ST: ST: multispectral cld detection, CO2 slicing -> CP,CT,CEM; NCEP atm profiles subsample of well determined clds: COD,CWP,CRE (2.1  m) CE CE: multispectral cld detection (0.7,2.1,3.8,11,12  m), CT-COD, (VIS-3.8  m)CWP,CRE; GMAO atm profiles multi-angleVIS radiometers: multi-angle VIS radiometers: MISR MISR (10:30; 1/17km) COD>2, CZ at top (multi-angle reflectance) POLDER POLDER (1:30; 6/20km) O 2 abs band -> CP (below midlevel of cld) ; Rayleigh scat CP (only 2/3 of clds (scatt angle 80-120°) ) polarization -> phase Particularities of datasets:

10. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati10 Global Climate Observing System Target Requirements: Cloud Essential Climate Variables (2011 update) VariableHorizontal Res Vertical Res Temporal Res AccuracyStability (/decade) CA50kmN/A3hr0.01 – 0.050.003 – 0.03 CP50kmNA3hr15hPa – 50hPa3hPa -15hPa CT50kmNA3hr1K – 5K0.2K – 1K CWP50kmNA3hr25%5% CRE50kmNA3hr 5-10%1-2% assuming cloud feedback similar to rad forcing of 0.3Wm -2 (~ 20% of current GHG forcing) radiative forcing depends on CAE (and not CA) => target ranges (low for opt thick/ low clouds - high for opt thin cirrus (CEM=0.2)) based on NISTIR 7047 report (March 2004)

11. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati11 Quantity ± instantaneous error / mean error ( Rossow ) CA ± 12% 5% CT ± 3-6 K 2 K CZ ± 0.5-2 km 0.3 km COD ± 25% 10% CLWP ± 10% 10% CIWP ± 30% 100% CREL ± 1  m 1  m CREI ± 3  m 10  m CT base ± 3-6K 2K (SOBS, Warren ) CZ base ± 0.5-1 km 0.3 km ISCCP cloud property uncertainty estimates

12. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati12 CA: 0.05 – 0.15 largest over deserts & Antarctica CP: ~40-50 hPa slightly smaller for AIRS hgh / low clds: CT: 4K/ 2-4K CEM: 0.05 / 0.10-0.25 CEMH CEML CTH CTL CACP AIRS TOVSB TOVS PathB/AIRS-LMD cloud property uncertainty estimates

13. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati13 ISCCP cloud property bias estimates  missing thin Ci, under/over-estimation polar summer / winter  25-30% of midlevel clouds = thin Ci (night or over low cld)  CT of very thin Ci too low in tropics

14. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati14 Interprétation des propriétés nuageuses global CA 60-70% (+ 5% subvisible Ci) : 40% high, 40% single layer low CAHR (hgh clds out of all clds) depends on sensitivity to thin Ci (misidentified as midlevel clouds by ISCCP, ATSR, POLDER) CAE (effective CA=CA weighted by cld emissivity) agrees better global monthly variability of CA: 20%-30%of CAE: 0.25-0.30 Interpretation of cloud properties from satellite observations CALIPSO only considers uppermost layers to better compare with the other data sets

15. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati15 Interprétation des propriétés nuageuses 15% more clouds over ocean than over land (low clouds), whereas over land there are more high and midlevel clouds The latter are optically thinner over land, so that effective cloud amount of those is similar Differences ocean - land

16. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati16 Relative High cloud amount (CAHR) CAHR depends on sensitivity to thin Ci: CALIPSO > TOVS/AIRS MODIS/PATMOS > ISCCP > MISR geographical distributions similar (except HIRS, MISR )

17. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati17 Relative Low cloud amount geographical distributions similar (except desert )

18. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati18 latitudinal & seasonal variations similar (except HIRS CALR in SHtrp) HCA/CA LCA/CA Latitudinal & seasonal variation of uppermost cloud layers

19. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati19 CALIPSO: including subvis Ci, T(cld top) passive remote sensing: T(rad. cld height) => CTH(CALIPSO) should be lowest & nearest to tropopause, largest latitudinal variability (PATMOSX should not be like CALIPSO for high clouds) CT distributions reflect decrease of vertical extent of troposphere from tropics to poles SHtrp SHmid SHpol K Cloud temperature: latitudinal variation & distributions  

20. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati20 Tropical high clouds: T cld distributionsTOVS-BISCCPPATMOSXMODIS-CEAIRSCALIPSO:all  >0.1  >0.2 O 0°-30° SH T cld high (K) ocean ISCCP CALIPSO TOVS AIRS Clouds in tropics have diffuse cloud tops: CALIPSO max backscatter ≥ 1km below cloud top AIRS-LMD: ___  cld > 0.95 --- 0.95 >  cld > 0.50 …. 0.50 >  cld > 0.05 midlatitudes

21. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati21 10° x 10° regions of typical climate regimes with increasing small scale variations: (1 – / ) Specific regions, compared to globe Rossow et al. J. Clim. 2002 1: SH Str Africa2: SH Str America 3: SH midlat 4: NH EPacific 5: NAtlantic storms 6: SH Ci off America7: SH Ci Amazon 8: SH Cb Africa9: NH Cb Indonesia 10: ARM Southern Great Plain Strcum regions (1,2): average CAHR, but optically thin Storm regions (3,4,5): largest CA NAtlantic (5): smaller CAHR & monthly CT variability ITCZ (8,9): largest CAHR (small CEMH, linked to Ci) & largest monthly CT variability

22. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati22 Whereas CA, CEM,CT, CP of the data base are well understood, differences in CRE and CWP have still to be further explored Global averages of CREW / CREI(H) agree quite well with 15  m / 25  m IR sounders determine CREIH, CIWPH only for a subsample: semi-transparent ice clouds  CIWPH is much smaller (25 gm -2 ) than averaged over all ice clouds (~100gm -2 ) VIS-IR methods: MODIS-ST / ATSR-GRAPE much larger values than ISCCP / MODIS-CE / PATMOSX distributions are not Gaussian …. Bulk microphysical properties: eff. liquid / ice particle radius& liquid / ice water path ------ monthly mean variability

23. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati23 CREW distributions agree quite well, with a large peak around 11  m, small peak at 42  m from ISCCP (perhaps water cloud misidentification) CREIH: IR sounders, ISCCP: large peak at 32  m, second peak of ISCCP at 18  m (at top for opt thick clouds) peaks of MODIS-ST and ATSR-GRAPE at 27  m eff. particle radius& water path distributions CLWP: large peak at 80 gm -2 CIWPH: AIRS, TOVS compact distribution between 5 & 100 gm -2 ; ISCCP, PATMOSX large peak at 4 gm -2 (regions with low clouds clouds?) further investigations necessary! mm liquid ice gm -2 liquid ice

24. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati24  climate change studies  climate change studies: be aware of temporal changes in coverage! MODIS at high latitudes more than 1 orbit passages, all others have kept only 1 passage ISCCP nearly 100% coverage – MISR / ATSR 20% - CALIPSO 5%  Interannual variability increases with decreasing Earth coverage! Monitoring of Earth coverage 0900AM 0130AM 1030AM 0730AM 1030AM 0130AM

25. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati25 Global CA anomalies global CA within ±2.5% (~ interannual & monthly mean variability) possible origins of variability: changing average view angle (decreasing with nb of covering geo sat for ISCCP) changing average view angle (decreasing with nb of covering geo sat for ISCCP) satellite drift (for NOAA polar afternoon satellites) satellite drift (for NOAA polar afternoon satellites) change in Earth coverage, …..

26. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati26 trend analysis -> synergy of different variables Stubenrauch and Schumann GRL 2005 use TOVS upper tropospheric relative humidity to extract meteorological situations favorable for contrail formation example: persistent contrails -> detection of increase of thin cirrus over Europe (& North Atlantic Flight corridor) 2.8-3.5% (±1.5%) per decade ~0.19% - 0.25% per decade (all situations)

27. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati27 example: tropical convection penetrating into the lower stratosphere cluster analysis of ISCCP DX data (Rossow & Pearl GRL 2007) mostly larger, organized, convective systems penetrate stratosphere Longterm datasets -> explore rare events

28. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati28 diurnal cycle of clouds Cairns, Atm. Res. 1995 ISCCP C2, Complex Empirical Orthogonal Functions, project. on distorted diurnal harmonics  Low clouds over land: significant diurnal cycle, max early afternoon  Low clouds over ocean: max in early morning  High clouds: max in evening  Mid clouds: max in early morning or late at night (-> cirrus : TOVS analysis) Stubenrauch et al. 2006 near noon early evening

29. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati29 Conclusions  Satellite instruments: unique possibility to study cloud properties over long period only dataset that directly resolves diurnal cycle & covers whole globeonly dataset that directly resolves diurnal cycle & covers whole globe most thoroughly evaluated (≥ 37 articles) most thoroughly evaluated (≥ 37 articles) has proven its extreme usefulness in many cloud studies has proven its extreme usefulness in many cloud studies  To produce a common data base is challenging (GEWEX Cloud Assessment activity not funded) However, once the data base is reliable, it provides a wealth of information for climate studies & model evaluation So far statistical analyses:  geographical distributions, latitudinal & seasonal variations agree quite well  differences can be mostly understood by different sensitivities to cirrus, (problems in retrieval methods, misidentification water-ice clouds)  monitoring of cloud properties very difficult (need synergy of different variables)  ESA Cloud_CCI project (Climate Change Initiative) includes assessment activities & another cloud assessment workshop is foreseen at the end of the project (2013)

30. April 2011WOAP assessment workshop, Frascati30  Longterm datasets: good statistics on seasonal cycles; explore rare events; trend analysis difficult (synergy of variables)  Synergy of different data sets & variables very important: Evaluation of climate models by comparing correlations!  70% (+10%) clouds: ~ 40% high clouds & ~40% single-layer low clouds  geographical cloud structures and seasonal cycles agree quite well  absolute values depend on instrument sensitivity (& retrieval method)  IR sounders passive instruments most sensitive to cirrus  A-Train: unique possibility to evaluate IR sounder retrieval & to give insight into vertical structure of different cloud types