1. 1 Covalent bonds l Nonmetals hold onto their valence electrons. l They cant give away electrons to bond. l Still want noble gas configuration. l Get it by sharing valence electrons with each other. l By sharing both atoms get to count the electrons toward noble gas configuration.

2. 2 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons F

3. 3 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven FF

4. 4 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

5. 5 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

6. 6 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

7. 7 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

8. 8 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons FF

9. 9 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons l Both end with a full 2nd shell FF

10. 10 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons l Both end with full orbitals FF 8 Valence electrons

11. 11 Covalent bonding l Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons l Both end with full orbitals FF 8 Valence electrons

12. 12 Single Covalent Bond l Hydrogen needs one more electron to fill its outer shell…so two atoms share.. H. H. Fluorine has 7 in the 2nd shell so it also needs just one more….so two atoms share.

13. 13 Water H O Each hydrogen has 1 valence electron Each hydrogen wants 1 more The oxygen has 6 valence electrons The oxygen wants 2 more They share to make each other happy

14. 14 Water l Put the pieces together l The first hydrogen is happy l The oxygen still wants one more H O

15. 15 Water l The second hydrogen attaches l Every atom has full energy levels H O H

16. 16 Multiple Bonds l Sometimes atoms share more than one pair of valence electrons. l A double bond is when atoms share two pair (4) of electrons. l A triple bond is when atoms share three pair (6) of electrons.

17. 17 Carbon dioxide l CO 2 - Carbon is central atom ( I have to tell you) l Carbon has 4 valence electrons l Wants 4 more l Oxygen has 6 valence electrons l Wants 2 more O C

18. 18 Carbon dioxide l Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1 short and the carbon 3 short O C

19. 19 Carbon dioxide l Attaching the second oxygen leaves both oxygen 1 short and the carbon 2 short O C O

20. 20 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O C O

21. 21 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O C O

22. 22 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O CO

23. 23 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O CO

24. 24 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O CO

25. 25 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more O CO

26. 26 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond O CO

27. 27 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond O CO 8 valence electrons

28. 28 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond O CO 8 valence electrons

29. 29 Carbon dioxide l The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond O CO 8 valence electrons

30. 30 NHH H Examples l Draw in the bonds l All 8 electrons are accounted for l Everything is full

31. 31 Polar Molecules Molecules with ends

32. 32 Intermolecular Forces What holds molecules to each other

33. 33 Dipole Interactions

34. 34 Hydrogen bonding H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O