1. Site Selection and Security Considerations Mark Heggli Innovative Hydrology, Inc. Consultant To The World Bank Expert Real-Time Hydrology Information Systems

2. Examples that refer to products are intended for illustrative purposes only, and do not imply an endorsement or recommendation of any particular product

3. Site Selection and Security Consideration  Site selection Define the Site Purpose Site Survey/ Field Visit  Security considerations for all sites

4. Site Selection: Define The Site Purpose  Establish the purpose of the site What are you trying to measure? ○ Water Level ○ Discharge ○ Water Temperature ○ Water Quality ○ Rainfall ○ Other How crucial is the data? ○ Logging needs ○ Frequency of Data Collection  Consideration of future needs Additional sensors, additional telemetry

5. Site Selection: Site Survey/Field Visit  Why is it important to complete a site survey? Ease and safe accessibility Understand the characteristics of the area being measured ○ Understanding the characteristics will help in the decision making of proper equipment to make accurate measurements ○ A mismatch between local conditions and appropriate technology can result in: Poor quality of data High maintenance requirements for both field and office procedures

6. Site Survey/Field Visit: Accessibility and Safety  Safe access to site Road to Drive Walking Path Boat Aircraft  Minimization of risk during install, ongoing operation and maintenance Personnel, sub-contractors, public

7. Site Survey/Field Visit: Water Level and Discharge Sites  Stream characteristics Control Upstream and downstream considerations Contained and subterranean flow Streambed and banks Gauging sections

8. Stream Characteristics: Control  What to look for in a control? Control needs to be stable and sensitive Minimum change in discharge with minimum change in stage Cease to flow point should not be affected by sedimentation or weed growth Try to find a site with an existing natural control  Types of Control Natural control Man made control

9. Stream Characteristics: Upstream and Downstream Considerations  Straight section of stream According to the WMO, the general course of the stream is straight for about 10 times the stream width, upstream and downstream from the gauge site if the control is a river reach (channel control). Approach velocities are evenly distributed Minimize possibility of sedimentation fill  Downstream Effects Evaluate downstream effects ( tidal effects, water shortages, future civil works/dams)

10. Stream Characteristics: Contained and Subterranean Flow  Contained Flow Section needs to contain all flow including maximum flood flow No possibility of over bank or side channel flow  Subterranean Flow Evaluation should include possibility of subterranean upstream, causing bypassing of flow (prevalent in underground mining areas)

11. Stream Characteristics: Stable Stream Bed and Banks  Stable Stream Bed Minimal infill or scour  Stable Stream Banks Avoid locations with bank scour or erosion

12. Stream Characteristics: Gauging Sections  Gauging Sections Feasibility ○ Low flow wading ○ Boat measurement ○ Unmanned cableways

13. Rainfall Site Selection  Obstruction  Wind  Slopes  Height of gauge Wind velocities increase with height High enough to prevent splashing from the ground 1 m is standard according to WMO

14. Site Selection: Location of Instrumentation  Power AC DC- Generator or Battery Solar needs a clear access to sunlight  Telemetry Landline GPRS/GSM Coverage Radio Link Satellite Access  Housing of Equipment Location of instrumentation must be above maximum flood

15. Security Considerations  All Sites Locks Fencing Disguise

16. Suggestions  Rarely will an ideal site be found for a gauging station Judgment must be exercised in choosing between adequate sites, each of which may have some shortcomings  Often adverse conditions may exist at all possible sites for installing a required gauging station and a poor site must be accepted For example, all streams in a given region may have unstable beds and banks, which result in continually changing stage-discharge relations

17. QUIZ What is wrong with this location for a precipitation gauge?

18. QUIZ Is this a good location for a gauging site?

19. QUIZ a. High maintenance requirements c. Good equipment can fix poor choice in location d. Poor quality of data  Poor choice in site selection can result in what?

20. Thank You