1. Unit 1

2. Greeks began studying human behavior By the 17 th century, the idea of dualism emerged Mind and body are separate and distinct

4. Interested in the basic elements of human experiences Wilhelm Wundt Use self-observation/introspection

5. Study how people and animals adapt to their environment William James- father of psychology focused on the actions of the conscious mind and the purposes of behavior

6. Study how heredity influences abilities, character, and behavior Sir Francis Galton Is behavior determined by heredity or environment?

7. Study how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences Perception is more than the sum of its parts Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka

10. Sigmund Freud Interested in unconscious mind Conscious experiences are tip of iceberg, beneath surface are primitive biological urges that are in conflict with the requirements of society and morality Free Association- say what comes to mind Reveals the operation of unconscious processes Dreams= expressions of primitive, unconscious urges

11. Ivan Pavlov Dogs and Bells Investigate observable behavior Behavior is the result of conditioning and appears because an appropriate stimulus is present John B. Watson, B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner

12. Human nature is evolving and self-directed Humans are not controlled by events in the environment or unseen forces- background to internal growth Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May

13. Focus on how people process, store, and use information and how this information influences our thinking, language, problem solving, and creativity Behavior is more than a response to a stimulus Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and Leon Festings

14. Impact of biology on behavior Study how brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics influence behavior Genetic factors influence behavior

15. Ethnicity, gender, culture and socioeconomics affect behavior

17. Different ways to collect data: Sample- small group out of the total pop. being studied (desire to go to college among Jrs. and Srs.) Samples must be representative (if studying how tall the avg. man is, don’t include a lot of professional basketball players= non- representative) To avoid non-representative sample, either have a random sample, or deliberately pick people

18. Naturalistic Observations- natural setting Case Study- long term, intensive study Survey- questions Longitudinal Study- study the same group over time Cross- Sectional Study- age groups

19. Correlation- descriptive study Positive- IQ scores and academic success Negative- hrs spent working on serve & double faults None Shows relation between 2 things, one does not cause the other

25. Experiments- provide control over the situation Hypothesis Variables- what changes Independent- changed by experimenter to observe effects (hours studying) Dependent- changes in relation to independent variable (grade on exam) Experimental group- exposed to independent variable Control group- not exposed to iv, but treated the same Ethical Issues must be considered when conducting experiments

27. Self-fulfilling prophecy Having expectations and acting in a way, unknowingly, to carry out that behavior Researchers can influence a subject’s behavior How to fix this? Single Blind Experiments- participants are unaware Double Blind Experiment- experimenter and participants are unaware

28. Milgram Experiment Experiment on obedience to authority figures series of social psychology experiments which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.

29. Change in a patient’s illness or physical state that results from the patient’s knowledge and perceptions of treatment Treatment that resembles medical therapy, but had no effect Sugar water

32. Does the amount of time you study for a quiz affect the grade you get?? Kate asks 15 students how many hours of TV they watch the night before and after the quiz, their quiz grade, to check off a list of products advertised on TV the night before the quiz, and their height.

33. Listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way Create frequency tables and graphs Frequency distribution- arranging data to know who often a score or observation occurs Histograms- show frequency distributions with rectangles whose widths represent intervals Bell-curve

34. Kate wants to know how many hours of TV were watched before and after the quiz. She makes a chart of the number of hours and counts the participants in each category.

35. Frequency Polygon

37. Central tendency- number that describes something about the average score Mean- average, used to measure central tendency Median- middle score Mode- most frequent score

38. Variance- how spread out are the scores Range- subtract the lowest score from highest score Standard Deviation scores above the mean have a positive deviation scores below the mean have a negative deviation Correlation Coefficient direction and strength of the relationship between 2 sets of observations Positive correlation- as one variable increases, the second increases Negative correlation- as one variable increases, the second decreases

39. Results can be duplicated and are not due to chance