1. Weather & Water Cycle
Donna Barrett, MRESA

2. Wet Jeans

3. Wet Jeans
Read your handout and then on NOTEBOOK paper, record the single answer you feel is correct.
Then provide an explanation for your answer.

4. Wet Jeans
The best response is C – it is in the air in an invisible form.
The invisible form is water vapor.
Water does not immediately go up into the clouds.

5. Wet Jeans
The best responses is C – it is in the air in an invisible form.
Water may not immediately go up to the clouds as depicted in water cycle diagrams.
Humid weather is an example of water in the air.
Wet dew on the grass, fog, and condensation of water on the outside of a glass holding cold liquid confirms that water exists in the air around us.

6. The Water Cycle http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterproperties.html
Where does all the Earth’s water come from? Primordial Earth was an incandescent globe made of magma, but all magmas contain water. Water set free by magma began to cool down the Earth’s atmosphere, until it could stay on the surface as a liquid. Volcanic activity kept and still keeps introducing water in the atmosphere, thus increasing the surface- and ground-water volume of the Earth.

7. Water is Stored The oceans are a major storehouse of water
Lakes, rivers and glaciers are also storehouses of water

8. Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.
90% - oceans, lakes
10% - plants
Heat (energy) is necessary for evaporation to occur.
Energy is used to break the bonds that hold water molecules together, which is why water easily evaporates at the boiling point (212° F, 100° C) but evaporates much more slowly at the freezing point.

9. Condensation
Condensation is the process in which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water.
Precipitation is the primary route for water to return to the Earth's surface within the water cycle.
Condensation is responsible for ground level fog, for your glasses fogging up when you go from a cold room to the outdoors on a hot, humid day, etc.

10. Evapotranspiration
The process by which moisture is from plants released to the atmosphere.
About 10 percent of the moisture found in the atmosphere is released by plants through transpiration.
Plant transpiration is an invisible process.
A large oak tree can transpire 40,000 gallons (151,000 liters) per year.
During a growing season, a leaf will transpire many times more water than its own weight.

11. Explore: The Incredible Journey
Where will the water you drink this morning be tomorrow?
You are going to become water molecules moving through the water cycle.
Water can move through: Clouds, Plants, Animals, Oceans, Rivers, Lakes,
Ground Water, Soil, and Glaciers.

12. Sublimation
Sublimation is process of snow and ice changing into water vapor without first melting into water.
Sublimation occurs more quickly at low relative humidity and dry winds.
Occurs more at higher altitudes, where the air pressure is less than at lower altitudes.
Energy is needed.
Sublimation is a common way for snow to disappear in certain climates.

13. Atmosphere Not a great storehouse of water
Superhighway used to move water around the globe.
There is always water in the atmosphere. Clouds are a visible form atmospheric water
If all of the water in the atmosphere rained down at once, it would only cover the ground to a depth of 2.5 centimeters, about 1 inch.
Clear air contains water—particles that are too small to be seen.

14. How would the following factors effect rates of transpiration?
Temperature
Humidity
Wind
Soil Moisture Availability
Type of Plant

15. Atmospheric Conditions Affecting Transpiration
Temperature: Transpiration rates go up as the temperature goes up, especially during the growing season, when the air is warmer due to stronger sunlight and warmer air masses.
Relative humidity: As the relative humidity of the air surrounding the plant rises the transpiration rate falls. It is easier for water to evaporate into dryer air than into more saturated air.
Wind and air movement: Increased movement of the air around a plant will result in a higher transpiration rate.
Soil-moisture availability: When moisture is lacking, plants can begin to senesce (premature ageing, which can result in leaf loss) and transpire less water.
Type of plant: Plants transpire water at different rates. Some plants which grow in arid regions, such as cacti and succulents, conserve precious water by transpiring less water than other plants.

16. What are clouds made of?
Keeley, Page. “Uncovering Student Ideas” Vol. 3

17. What are clouds made of?
Best response: Glenda – “I think clouds are made of tiny drops of water or tiny ice crystals.”
Clouds are formed when water vapor in the air cools, condenses, and becomes tiny droplets of water (or ice crystals)

18. Rainfall
Keeley, Page. “Uncovering Student Ideas” Vol. 3

19. Rainfall
Best answer: Marcus – “ I think rainfalls when water drops in the cloud get too heavy.”
Middle School students are gaining a more conceptual understanding of the processes of the water cycle AND the relationship between the mass of an object, the upward force of air and downward force of gravity.

20. Precipitation
The discharge of water, in liquid or solid state, out of the atmosphere
Rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail
Delivery of atmospheric water to the Earth
Most precipitation falls as rain
Water droplets must condense on tiny dust, salt, or smoke particles, which act as a nucleus
Water droplets grow as a result of condensation of water vapor when the particles collide.
Millions of cloud droplets are required to produce a single raindrop

21. What do raindrops look like?
Spherical – less than 1 mm
Bottom starts to flatten out as they grow 2 – 3 mm
At 4 – 5 mm they look like a parachute and begin to fall apart

22. Infiltration

23. Factors Affecting Infiltration
Precipitation
Soil Characteristics
Soil Saturation
Land Cover
Slope of the Land
Evaporation

24. Water Cycle Placemat

27. 3 x 3 Vocabulary Condensation Clouds Runoff Evaporation Lakes
Infiltration
Precipitation
Transpiration
Groundwater

28. 3 x 3 Vocabulary Condensation Ground water Runoff Evaporation Rain
Precipitation
Transpiration
Lake
Water Cycle

29. Water Cycle Manipulative

30. Water Cycle Bracelet

31. Semantic Grid Analysis
Fresh
Stag
Moving
Salt
Oceans
Puddle
Seas
Dams/
Reservoir
Lakes
Marshes
Streams
Estuaries (brackish)
Ponds
Spring
River
Ground Water
(Aquifer)

32. The Water 1 Cycle Summarizer 2 3 Blast Off! 1 new idea you learned
2 factors affecting infiltration of groundwater 2
Distribute index cards to all the participants.
Have them hold the card vertically.
Have them draw a vertical triangle like the one on the slide.
They will complete a blast off summary.
You can have them just share feedback or put their name on these and turn into you.
If you will see them for another workshop soon, they could write any questions they would like answered.
3 sources of water storage 3

33. Activities to Enhance the Development of Nonlinguistic Representations
Differentiate instruction
Activities to Enhance the Development of Nonlinguistic Representations
Creating graphic representations/organizers
Descriptive patterns
Fact
Fact
Activities to Enhance the Development of Nonlinguistic Representations
(Source: Classroom Instruction that Works, Marzano, Pickering, Pollock, ASCD, 2001, chp. 6)
Divide participants into 5 groups. Assign each activity to a group. (Group 1 – graphic representations can choose from 1 of the 6 types of organizer or another type of their own)
Solo activity for 2-3 minutes. Jot down ideas from your content area to fit the activity.
Pair share minutes. Share ideas with partner.
Table share and chart 1 or 2 examples. 7 minutes. Ready for group presentation.
Share charts with whole group.
If you are in a hurry go through these orally using COMPROMISE as your topic, effect etc.
TOPIC
Fact
Fact
Fact

34. Let's play! Get comfortable. A will face the screen B will face A.
Differentiate instruction
Let's play!
Find a new partner at a different table. A/B
Get comfortable. A will face
the screen B will face A.
A has the task of getting B to guess the
mystery word.
Only non-linguistic representations will
be shown. Feel free to skip and go back if
necessary. When all answers have been given stand
up and give a shout!
Partner B think car companies as Partner A talks to you.

35. 4. 1. 2. 5. 3 6. After a few winners have the teams
Switch places and get a pen or paper. Partner A think places as Partner B tries to get you to name the follwing…. Next slide 3 6.

36. Using only a piece of paper and pen, draw and get your partner to say these words
Groundwater
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Water Cycle
Go over directions remind them there is no talking
Giggling is allowed but no talking
For the next slide, work together and name the fraction that you see represented. Move to next slide.

37. Heat Energy
The Sun’s energy is the origin of weather

38. Temperature Related to thermal energy
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of a system
Use standard units for measuring temperature
Celsius
Kelvin
Fahrenheit
temperature illustration

39. Common Temperature Scales
The degree Celsius (°C) scale was devised by dividing the range of temperature between the freezing and boiling temperatures of pure water at standard atmospheric conditions (sea level pressure) into 100 equal parts.
The degree Fahrenheit (°F) non-metric temperature scale was devised and evolved over time so that the freezing and boiling temperatures of water are whole numbers; 0 is the freezing point of salt water

40. Making Sense of Celsius
Look for patterns in the chart.
What do you notice?
Let’s graph the “points” from the chart on the coordinate grid.
What would be the best increments to use on the x axis and y axis?
Extension: Questions 1 – 4 at the bottom of the page.

41. Linear relationship
Slope = rise/run or change in y/change in x
Used to derive the conversion formulas we use
Many cell phone apps with conversions

42. degree Fahrenheit / degree Celsius conversions
F = C x 9/5 + 32
F = (C x 1.8) + 32
C = 5/9(F – 32)
C = (F - 32) / 1.8

43. Temperature Benchmarks
Common Temperature Comparisons
Celsius
Prediction
degree Fahrenheit
Boiling point of water
212
Hot bath
104
Average human body temperature
98.6
Nice day at the beach 86
Average room temperature 70
Cool day 50
Melting point of ice 32
Very cold day

44. Temperature Benchmarks
Common Temperature Comparisons
Celsius
Prediction
degree Fahrenheit
Boiling point of water
100
212
Hot bath 40
104
Average human body temperature 37
98.6
Nice day at the beach 30 86
Average room temperature 21 70
Cool day 10 50
Melting point of ice 32
Very cold day
-18

45. Temperature Mnemonics
When it's zero it's freezing, when it's 10 it's not, when it's 20 it's warm, when it's 30 it's hot! Thirty is hot Twenty is nice Ten is cool Zero is ice

46. Anticipation Guide
___ 1. Heat energy from the sun ___ drives the weather system ___ 2. Land heats up faster than ___ water. ___ 3. Winds blow as a result of the ___ movement of air from low to high pressure ___ 4. Warm air rises and cool air sinks ___ ___ 5. The evaporation of moisture from ___ oceans causes hurricane

47. Camping Trip, Vol. 4
Which friend do you most agree with?

48. Camping Trip, Vol. 4
The best answer is Emma’s. The coldest part of the day is generally right around the dawn, actually right after the sunrise while the Sun is still very low on the horizon.
During the night, the Earth’s surface radiates the heat it has absorbed back into space, allowing the temperature to drop.

49. Heat Transfer
Radiation – energy from the sun travels to the earth via radiation
Conduction – direct transfer of heat from one substance to another – air heated by the ground
Convection – transfer of heat in a fluid – warm air rises and cool air sinks

50. Heat Transfer:
Radiation – heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves
Do not need a medium to travel
Radiant energy (light)
Microwaves
Radiowaves

51. Heat Transfer: Conduction
Conduction – direct contact; heat moves from the warmer to the cooler object

52. Heat Transfer: Convection
Hot water rises, cools, and falls.
Heated air rises, cools, then falls.  Air near heater is replaced by cooler air, and the cycle repeats.
What if coils were at the bottom?

53. Heat, Temperature & Thermal Energy
Temperature measures how hot or cold something is or the average motion of the molecules
Thermal energy – the total energy of all of the molecules (large pot of soup vs. small pot of soup – which one has move TE?
Heat – the movement of thermal energy – warm to cool

54. Air Movement - Wind
Winds are formed by the movement of air from one place to another
Air moves from high pressure to low
2 Types:
Local – blow in any direction and cover short distances
Global – blow in same direction and cover long distances
Name of the wind tells you the direction it is blowing FROM
Convection currents

55. Warm vs. Cold Air Warm Air Cold Air
Molecules are less dense; spread out; rise
LOW pressure
Wet, rainy, warm
Molecules are sinking; getting pushed together; more dense
HIGH pressure
Warm air rises and is replaced by colder air which causes local winds
Air moves from high to low pressure

56. Land Breeze

57. Sea Breeze

58. Wind & Pressure Stations
Beaufort Scale
Why Winds Whirl
Just A Gust
Pressure Points

59. Global Winds
Air near the equator is heated rapidly and pushed toward the poles as polar air sinks back toward
Because the earth is rotating and is greater in diameter near the middle causing different rotation speeds, the winds change speed and direction, this accounts for the movement of air on a global scale. 59

60. Beaufort Scale – Wind Speed
Beaufort number
Wind speed (km/hr)
International description
<1
Calm 1
1-5
Light Air 2
6-11
Light Breeze 3
12-19
Gentle Breeze 4
20-28
Moderate Breeze 5
29-38
Fresh Breeze 6
39-49
Strong gale 7
50-61 8
62-74
Fresh gale 9
75-88
Stong gale 10
89-102
Whole gale 11
Storm
12-17
>117
Hurricane

61. Air Pressure
Measure of the force of air pressing down on the Earth’s surface
Approximately 800 km deep
Depends on the density of air
Greater density leads to greater pressure
Measured in Hectopascals or Millibars; previously in inches
Measured with a barometer

62. Factors Affecting Air Pressure
Altitude of elevation
Water vapor
Temperature
Uneven heating is due to many factors such as: angle of suns radiation, differences in absorption and reflection of material, & regional climate
The shifting causes great swirling air masses called high or low pressure cells

63. High & Low Pressure
Convection & uneven heating of the Earth causes north to south winds and rotation turns the winds east or west depending on the hemisphere

64. Highs and Lows Highs Fair
Wind circulation is clockwise in northern hemisphere & counterclockwise in southern
Winds are light
Warm or cold for relatively long periods without change
Lows
Generally cloudy,
with rain of snow
Wind circulation is counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere & clockwise in the southern hemisphere
Winds are strong
Tropical warm; other lows cold, or warm changing to cold

65. Where Did the Water Come From?
Choose your answer.
Making a Human Scatter plot
Stand in line with the letter you most closely agree with – determine how strongly you feel your answer is correct.
Source: Uncovering Student Ideas – Page Keeley

66. Where did the water come from?
The best response is A: a gas in the air – the phenomenon described is condensation that occurs on the outside of a cold object when the object comes in contact with warmer air that contains water vapor.

67. The Water Cycle http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterproperties.html
Where does all the Earth’s water come from? Primordial Earth was an incandescent globe made of magma, but all magmas contain water. Water set free by magma began to cool down the Earth’s atmosphere, until it could stay on the surface as a liquid. Volcanic activity kept and still keeps introducing water in the atmosphere, thus increasing the surface- and ground-water volume of the Earth.

68. Recycled Water: The Hydrological Cycle
Source: Project Earth Science: Meteorology

69. Water Cycle Placemat

70. Wet Jeans
Which student do you most agree with?

71. Wet Jeans, Vol. 1
The best response is C – it is in the air in an invisible form. The invisible form is water vapor. Water does not immediately go up into the clouds as students often think.

72. What are clouds made of? Which friend do you most agree with?
Source: Uncovering Student Ideas in Science, Page Keeley

73. What are clouds made of? The best response is Glenda’s
Clouds come in a variety of shapes and sizes. All are formed when water vapor in the air cools, condenses and becomes tiny drops of liquid water or tiny ice crystals.

74. Moisture Sun’s energy turns liquid water into a gas (EVAPORATION)
Leads to the formation of CLOUDS
Wind transports moisture all over the world
HUMIDITY – a measure of the amount of water held in the air
Relative Humidity – percentage of moisture air holds compared to the amount it could hold
Psychrometer – measures relative humidity
Air will hold water vapor until saturated or until 100% relative humidity

75. Moisture Stations Make Dew Make Frost Make Clouds Cloudy Logic
Marlee’s unit for 4th grade

76. Dew Point – Just Dew It!
Temperature at which water condenses (gas is converted to a liquid)
The capacity of air to hold water vapor depends on temperature. Warm air holds more moisture than cold air.
Alternative:
Fill a beaker half with water. Allow the water to reach room temperature.
Add 3 – 4 ice cubes to the beaker. Stir.
Continue stirring until moisture appears on the outside. Record temperature.
Temp. of Room____Initial___ Dew Point____

77. Dew Point Analysis of Class Data Questions:
What does dew point measure?
If the temperature of the air is close to the dew point, what type of weather will most likely be experienced?
Why do we see dew in the morning? Where did the water come from?

78. Patterns and Predictions (AIMS)
Dew point temperature can be higher than air temperature.
Dew point temperature can be the same as the
air temperature.
Dew point temperature can be lower than the air temperature. No
Yes
Yes, most likely

79. Cloud Formation
Dr. Paz PP 79

80. Clouds
Form when moisture in the air condenses on small particles of dust or solids in the air
Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air
3 Basic Types
Cumulus – puffy white clouds; can become tall
Stratus – form smooth layers; low altitude; indicate fair weather or precipitation
Cirrus – high altitude, appear feathery, wispy, fair weather clouds

81. What does “nimbo” mean? Rain

82. Rainfall Which friend do you most agree with?
Source: Uncovering Student Ideas in Science, Page Keeley

83. Rainfall The best response is Marcus’s
Precipitation is a complex process. A simple explanation begins with water vapor in the warm air rising in the sky, cooling to the dew point (where condensation occurs), and forming tiny drops of suspended liquid water.
When there are enough of these tiny drops of suspending liquid water, they accumulate to form clouds. Some of the drops combine and form larger droplets. Eventually the large drops are too heavy to remain suspended and fall to the ground due to the force of gravity.

84. Precipitation Forms: Rain, Snow, Sleet, & Hail
Must have clouds in order to form
Each droplet forms around foreign particles such as dust, smoke, or salt in the cloud & the microscopic particle is known as a condensation nucleus
The vapor in the cloud must have a place to condense in order to form precipitation
These microscopic molecules run into each other in the cloud and combine until they become large and heavy and then gravity takes over.

85. Anticipation Guide
___ 1. Heat energy from the sun _T_ drives the weather system ___ 2. Land heats up faster than _T_ water. ___ 3. Winds blow as a result of the _F_ movement of air from low to high pressure ___ 4. Warm air rises and cool air sinks _T_ ___ 5. The evaporation of moisture from _T_ oceans causes hurricane

86. 3 factors that effect weather
Blast
Off!
The
Weather
Summarizer
1 new idea you learned about weather 1
2 types of winds 2
Distribute index cards to all the participants.
Have them hold the card vertically.
Have them draw a vertical triangle like the one on the slide.
They will complete a blast off summary.
You can have them just share feedback or put their name on these and turn into you.
If you will see them for another workshop soon, they could write any questions they would like answered.
3 factors that effect weather 3

87. Weather Maps

88. Isobars
Atmospheric pressure is plotted on maps by the use of lines called isobars. Each isobar connects points having equal air pressure expressed in units of millibars (mb) in the United States
Dr. Paz PP 88

89. Air Masses
Large bodies of air with the same properties and cover thousands of kilometers
Temperature & moisture are similar
Take on the same temperature & moisture properties of the area over which they form
Classified based on where they form
4 Types:
Warm (Tropical) – form in tropical areas
Cold (Polar) – form in polar regions
Wet (Maritime) – form over the oceans
Dry (Continental) – form over land
Picture Source: NOAA 89

90. Fronts Boundary between air masses
Named according to direction of movement

91. Fronts Fronts are the transition zones between two air masses
Cold front
Warm Front
Stationary Front
Occluded Front
Dry Line Front
Stationary Front A front that is not moving.
Cold Front Leading edge of colder air that is replacing warmer air.
Warm Front Leading edge of warmer air that is replacing cooler air.
Occluded Front When a cold front catches up to a warm front.
Dry Line Separates a moist air mass from a dry air mass. 91

92. Density of Water Is cold air denser than hot? Procedure:
Fill plastic shoe box ¾ full of COLD water
Fill a test tube with HOT water – color with red food coloring (water should not be too hot)
Hold your finger over the bottle and place it horizontally at the bottom of the cold water
Sketch the direction of flow of the HOT water
Repeat the procedure using a large container of HOT water and a small container of COLD water colored blue

93. Warm Front – warm air replaces cold
Cold Air
Molecules are less dense; spread out
Low pressure
Wet, rainy, warm
Molecules are sinking; getting pushed together; more dense
High pressure

94. Cold Front – cold air replaces warm – Stormy Weather – followed by sunny, cool
Warm Air
Molecules are sinking; getting pushed together; more dense
High pressure
Molecules are less dense; spread out
Low pressure
Wet, rainy, warm

95. Front Symbols
Univer of IL website 95

96. Differentiated Stations
6th Grade: Interpreting Weather Maps & Hurricanes (AIMS)
4th Grade: Fronting the Weather (AIMS) & Making Instruments