1. Behavioral Learning

2. What is Behaviorism? The study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior

3. What is learning in Psychology? Any relatively permanent change to behavior that comes about as a result of experience

4. What is conditioning? A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism’s responses

5. Classical Conditioning and Pavlov All begins with Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 – Physiologist studying digestion in dogs – Notes that salivation began to take place without exposure to meat powder – New response acquired through experience – Pavlov called this a conditional reflex (based on conditions of the environment) – Devoted the rest of his life to this

6. Key ideas in Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (US)- elicits a response reflexively Unconditioned Response (UR)-reflexive response to a stimulus Neutral Stimulus-can be paired with a US to elicit UR This leads to a Neutral Stimulus becoming a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) which elicits a Conditioned Response (CR) when a behavior takes place

7. Classical Conditioning US=>UR US+Neutral Stimulus=>UR – Allows learning to take place transferring Neutral Stimulus to Conditioned Stimulus (Classical Conditioning) CS=>CR

8. Principles of Classical Conditioning Extinction-occurs if CS is presented without US for too long. Leads to end of the CR. – CR can come back for short periods later called spontaneous recovery Higher-Order Conditioning-A new Neutral Stimulus can be paired with a CS to present the same CR (often times not as strong) Stimulus Generalization-If a CR has been created for a CS other similar stimuli may produce the CR Discrimination- A CR can be conditioned to observe the differences between 2 similar stimuli by presenting US in one case and not in the other

9. Important Understanding of Classical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus must be presented before the US to allow for true conditioning to occur What is being learned is how to use Neutral Stimulus as a predictor of the US (probability)

10. Classical Conditioning in Real Life John Watson- The first to recognize real life implications. Pairings can be made to produce emotions – Positive Used heavily in advertising – Negative Irrational Fears (Phobias) – Ex. Watson’s Study with Little Albert and his work with counterconditioning – Irrational fear can be created and destroyed

11. Taste and odor can also be tied to classical conditioning – Food more often associated with illness biologically than other sensory information Medical treatments can also have similar aversive impacts

12. Operant Conditioning Centers on the idea that behavior becomes more or less likely depending on its consequences Deals with voluntary responses rather than reflexive responses (i.e. classical conditioning)

13. Radical Behaviorism Starts with Thorndike’s Doctoral Studies on Cats show behavior that is satisfying is “stamped in” while behavior that doesn’t gain satisfying results is “stamped out” Moves to Skinner who argues that to understand behavior one must focus on external causes of an action as well as its consequences – Argued against free will in favor of determinism – “My behavior at any moment has been nothing more that the product of my genetic endowment, my personal history, and the current setting.”

14. Operant Conditioning Centers around 3 types of Consequences: – Neutral-doesn’t alter response – Reinforcement-Strengthens response, makes it more likely to recur – Punishment-weakens response or makes it less likely to occur Primary Reinforcers and Punishers-deal with essentials that are hard-wired Secondary Reinforcers and Punishers-deal with what has been learned – Secondary reinforcers and punishments have often received their power by being paired with primary reinforcers and punishments

15. How does Operant Conditioning Work Important to remember: – Positive=something being given – Negative=something being taken away Reinforcement – Behavior=> Positive or Negative Reinforcement=>Increase in Behavior Positive Reinforcer- Increases behavior by generating a pleasant consequence Negative Reinforcer-Increases behavior by removing and unpleasant situation

16. Punishment – Behavior=>Positive or Negative Punishment=> Decrease in Behavior Positive Punishment-Something unpleasant occurs following behavior Negative Punishment-Something Pleasant is removed following behavior

17. Principles of Operant Conditioning Thousands of studies have been done – Most use animals and the Skinner box Skinner believed environment was a place where organisms reinforce and punish each other reciprocally. Several key techniques and applications discovered in this fashion – Extinction – Immediate vs. Delayed Consequences – Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination – Learning on Schedule – Shaping

18. Extinction A procedure that causes a previously learned response to stop Occurs when reinforcer that maintained the response is removed Initial response is to increases behavior, but ultimately leads to a slow down and secession of behavior

19. Immediate vs. Delayed Consequences The sooner a reinforcer or punishment follows a response the greater its effect Too long an interval can lead to confusion on what is being reinforced Dealing with extinction of certain behaviors can be difficult because of their immediate reinforcement

20. Stimulus Generalization and Dicrimination Similar stimuli can be generalized by a subject when reinforcing behavior Train them to discriminate by presenting both stimuli and rewarding only one A discriminative stimulus can be used to allow a subject to know when they can be reinforced (light in a Skinner Box) – Leads to stimulus control

21. Learning on Schedule Continuous Reinforcement- Develops a behavior – Reward each time desired behavior occurs Intermittent Reinforcement-Prevents extinction – Only reinforce some responses not all of them once desired behavior has been achieved Ratio Schedules- based on fixed # of respones Interval Schedules-based on fixed amounts of time Can be fixed or variable – Creates 4 different types of learning curves

22. Shaping Starts with reinforcing a tendency in the right direction Then gradually require more responses that are similar to the final – Successive approximations

24. Operant Conditioning in Real Life Used in real world via Behavior Modification Extremely promising in working with cases of Autism

25. Pros and Cons of Punishment Punishment works with self-harming and destructive behavior and Criminal Behavior Punishment fails for several reasons – Administration of punishment inappropriately – Recipient responds with anxiety, fear or rage – Effectiveness is often temporary, and depends on presence of the punishing person – Misbehavior often hard to punish immediately – Conveys little information – Can bring attention and instead reinforce

26. Problem with reward People can respond to intrinsic reinforcers as well as traditional extrinsic reinforcers – Extrinsic reinforcers can udermine intrinsic reinforcers

27. The World Through Behaviorists Eyes Superstition is coincidental reinforcement – Hard to extinguish because of intermittent reinforcement – Skinner made pigeons superstitious Insight – Based on organism’s reinforcement history