1. Strategic Planning : The best way to manage EPC Contract Risks Pankaj K Sinha Abu Dhabi 17 th Nov 2014

2. 2 Risks in the EPC Contracting Process 1.Project risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on one or more project objectives such as scope, schedule, cost, and quality. : PMBOK Guide 2.Risk shall be managed, minimized, shared, transferred or accepted. 3.Appropriate and equitable allocation of a risk from early project life cycle is essential in all contractual arrangements to capitalize on them.

3. 3 Risk Build Up and Time Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 OperationEPCFEED Feasibility Study Stage 2 Design EPC PQ Risk Workshop Term Sheet Pre-bid conference RFP Stage 1 Business case Risk Workshop Stakeholders’ input Execution Strategy Stage 3 Risk Workshop Bidding & Contract Detailed Design Procurement Construction Commissioning

4. 4 Risks Allocation in the Contracting Process The contracting environment is competitive and EPC scopes are complex. The contracting environment is competitive and EPC scopes are complex. Often risk allocation is through “aversion” Often risk allocation is through “aversion” Inappropriate entities are often burdened with risks they can’t manage or survive. Inappropriate entities are often burdened with risks they can’t manage or survive. Strategy for appropriate allocation of risks is very important for success for a project. Strategy for appropriate allocation of risks is very important for success for a project. Owner Contractor Subcontractor Risk

5. 5 Risk- Industry Standards & References ISO 31000:2009 Risk management - Principles and guidelines ISO 31000:2009 Risk management - Principles and guidelines A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - PMI (ANSI/PMI 99-001-2013) A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - PMI (ANSI/PMI 99-001-2013) Practice Standard for Project Risk Management - PMI Practice Standard for Project Risk Management - PMI BS 6079-3:2000: Project management. Guide to the management of business related project risk BS 6079-3:2000: Project management. Guide to the management of business related project risk International Project Risk Assessment (IPRA) – CII International Project Risk Assessment (IPRA) – CII AACE RP No. 62R-11 : Risk assessment: identification & qualitative analysis AACE RP No. 62R-11 : Risk assessment: identification & qualitative analysis

6. 6 Potential IPRA Application Points Program Decision Pre-ProjectPlanning Engineering & Design ConstructionOperations Secondary Primary = Potential application points

7. 7 Risk Management Strategy for EPC Contracts 1.Risk Register as input from Risk Workshop. 2.Finalize bidding strategy. EPC Contractor takes the major risks relating to the Cost, Schedule & Quality 3.Identify risk that can be allocated or transferred to relevant parties and develop a risk matrix 4.Contemplates factors that may diminish the practical effect of the intended risk allocation in the contractual arrangement. 5.Refine the Risk Matrix and identify relevant parties. 6.Develop contract provisions and insurance regimes 7.Execute contract and administer for successful project delivery.

8. 8 Hot Button Risks (Typical) 1.Site Conditions 2.Joint & several responsibility 3.Review and approvals 4.Liquidated Damages for Delay & Performance 5.Indemnity 6.Insurance Allocation 7.Force Majeure 8.Change Management 9.Nominated Subcontractors 10.Design Responsibility 11.Change in Law/Specifications/Regulations 12.Standard of Care 13.Performance and Acceptance Criteria 14.Dispute Resolution Risk Workshop Stakeholders’ input on risks/due diligence Bid Package Contract

9. 9 Risk Allocation Matrix Risk Brief Details Risk probability Mitigation Measures Contractor Owner Insurance Site Conditions Joint & several responsibility Review and approvals Liquidated Damages for Delay & Performance Indemnity Insurance Allocation

10. 10 Insurance Program Risk Owner Contractor 1.Construction All Risks 2.Construction Delay in Start Up 3.Marine Cargo / Transits 4.Third Party Liability 5.Professional Indemnity 6.Employers Liability 7.Workmen’s Compensation 8.Contractors’ Plant & Equipment 9.Auto Liability

11. 11 1.Enactment of new Laws or Regulations 2.Force Majeure 3.Currrency Risks 4.Site Acsess 5.Differing Site Conditions 6.Errors, omissions, inconsistencies or discrepancies in the Specifications/Scope 7.Change in Rely-upon Information 8.Acceleration or disrupton by Client 9.Delay or Suspension by Client 10.Special Risks 11.Delayed Approvals Contractor’s entitlement for Risk Events

12. 12 Risk Allocation in FIDIC Silver Book (FSB) Drafted to be used internationally in 1999. Specifically introduced for Project Financed Works for Engineer, Procure, Construct i.e. EPC Contracts Drafted to be used internationally in 1999. Specifically introduced for Project Financed Works for Engineer, Procure, Construct i.e. EPC Contracts Extensively debated in industry forums. Extensively debated in industry forums. The Silver Book is recommended for use on process, power and private-infrastructure projects where a Contractor is to take on full responsibility for the design and execution of a project. Where certainty of final price and often of completion date are of extreme importance. The Silver Book is recommended for use on process, power and private-infrastructure projects where a Contractor is to take on full responsibility for the design and execution of a project. Where certainty of final price and often of completion date are of extreme importance. Risks for completion to time, cost and quality are transferred to the Contractor. Risks for completion to time, cost and quality are transferred to the Contractor. Employer’s Requirements can also be linked with Performance Specification Employer’s Requirements can also be linked with Performance Specification Substantial Risk transfer to the Contractor Substantial Risk transfer to the Contractor Lump Sum Contract Price (adjustments in limited specified cases) Lump Sum Contract Price (adjustments in limited specified cases)

13. 13 Risk Allocation to Contractor (FSB) The risks are mostly allocated to the contractor. The following identify the main risks that have been allocated to the Contractor Design obligations and errors Design obligations and errors Setting Out risks i.e. errors in the ‘Items of reference’ Setting Out risks i.e. errors in the ‘Items of reference’ Unforeseeable Difficulties’ all necessary information as to risks, contingencies and other circumstances which may influence or affect the Works Unforeseeable Difficulties’ all necessary information as to risks, contingencies and other circumstances which may influence or affect the Works sub-surface and hydrological conditions. The Contractor shall be responsible for verifying and interpreting such data. Owner is having no responsibility for the accuracy, sufficiency or completeness of such data. sub-surface and hydrological conditions. The Contractor shall be responsible for verifying and interpreting such data. Owner is having no responsibility for the accuracy, sufficiency or completeness of such data. Any data received does not relieve the contractor from responsibility for the design and execution except for specified rely upon data/information. Any data received does not relieve the contractor from responsibility for the design and execution except for specified rely upon data/information. use or occupation by the Owner of any part of the Permanent Works, except as may be specified in the Contract use or occupation by the Owner of any part of the Permanent Works, except as may be specified in the Contract Indemnity obligations Indemnity obligations Requirements can be linked with Performance Specification Requirements can be linked with Performance Specification Lump Sum Contract Price (adjustments in limited specified cases) Lump Sum Contract Price (adjustments in limited specified cases)

14. 14 Risk Allocation to Contractor (FSB) war, hostilities (whether war be declared or not), invasion, act of foreign enemies, war, hostilities (whether war be declared or not), invasion, act of foreign enemies, rebellion, terrorism, revolution, insurrection, military or usurped power, or civil war, within the Country, rebellion, terrorism, revolution, insurrection, military or usurped power, or civil war, within the Country, riot, commotion or disorder within the Country by persons other than the Contractor's Personnel and other employees of the Contractor and Subcontractors, riot, commotion or disorder within the Country by persons other than the Contractor's Personnel and other employees of the Contractor and Subcontractors, munitions of war, explosive materials, ionizing radiation or contamination by radio-activity, within the Country, except as may be attributable to the Contractor's use of such munitions, explosives, radiation or radio-activity, and munitions of war, explosive materials, ionizing radiation or contamination by radio-activity, within the Country, except as may be attributable to the Contractor's use of such munitions, explosives, radiation or radio-activity, and pressure waves caused by aircraft or other aerial devices travelling at sonic or supersonic speeds. pressure waves caused by aircraft or other aerial devices travelling at sonic or supersonic speeds.

15. 15 Way Forward 1.Increasing numbers of mega projects are executed under complex EPC commercial frameworks. Conclusive EPC agreement for a specific project can be a cumbersome but crucial task. It is important that owner and the contractor should be involved in the risk allocation process, which should begin early in the project life cycle. 2.Use of industry standards & frameworks shall be encouraged. 3.Appropriate risk allocation will encourage contracting parties to change the adversarial relationships to a more cooperative approach and successfully project delivery.