1. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune1 ITU Structure and Radio Astronomy Masatoshi Ohishi NAOJ

2. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune2 http://www.itu.int/

3. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune3

4. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune4 Members of the ITU s Member States (190)  Administrations s Sector Members such as private companies (more than 650) s Regional Groups s International Organizations such as IUCAF

5. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune5 Regional Groups s CEPT – Europe s CITEL – North and South America s APT – Asia-Pacific region s Arab group s African group  They prepare common proposals for WRC agenda items.

6. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune6 Structure of the ITU-R

7. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune7

8. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune8 RA frequency groups s IUCAF : IAU + URSI + COSPAR s Europe -- CRAF Committee for Radio Astronomy Frequencies s US -- CORF Committee on Radio Frequencies s AP region -- RAFCAP

9. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune9 Convention & RR s ITU Convention international treaty s Radio Regulations associated with the ITU convention  treaty status used for international coordinations

10. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune10 Regions 1, 2 & 3

11. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune11 Radio Astronomy Service 1.58radio astronomy service: A service involving the use of radio astronomy. Historically RAS was restricted to ground- based one. Now RAS includes space- based observations.

12. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune12 Radio Astronomy in ITU 1.13 radio astronomy: Astronomy based on the reception of radio waves of cosmic origin. 1.5 radio waves or hertzian waves: Electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3 000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide. Footnote # of Radio RegulationRadio Regulation

13. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune13 RAS ≠ radiocommunication 1.3 telecommunication: Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems (CS). 1.138emission: Radiation produced, or the production of radiation, by a radio transmitting station. 1.137radiation: The outward flow of energy from any source in the form of radio waves. 1.6 radiocommunication: Telecommunication by means of radio waves (CS) (CV).

14. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune14 RAS ≠ radiocommunication 1.7 terrestrial radiocommunication: Any radiocommunication other than space radiocommunication or radio astronomy. 1.8 space radiocommunication: Any radiocommunication involving the use of one or more space stations or the use of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space.

15. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune15 RAS as radiocommunication 4.6 For the purpose of resolving cases of harmful interference, the radio astronomy service shall be treated as a radiocommunication service. However, protection from services in other bands shall be afforded the radio astronomy service only to the extent that such services are afforded protection from each other.

16. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune16

17. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune17 World Radiocommunication Conference s New allocations, new regulations, etc., are discussed and adopted based on national and regional proposals. s Study Groups, Working Parties consider technical aspects of agenda items for WRCs.

18. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune18 Study Cycle (~4 years) WRC; Admins. CPM; Experts Study Groups WPs, TGs Agenda Items Assign AIs Draft CPM report CPM report Adopt Radio Regulations Exchange info

19. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune19 Study Groups s drafting Technical bases for Radiocommunication ConferencesTechnical bases for Radiocommunication Conferences s developing Draft RecommendationsDraft Recommendations s compiling HandbooksHandbooks

20. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune20 Study Groups SG 1:Spectrum Management SG 3:Radio Wave Propagation SG 4:Satellite Services SG 5:Terrestrial Services SG 6:Broadcasting Service SG 7:Science Services SC: Special Committee

21. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune21 Working Parties s Study Groups are organized into Working Parties and Task Groups s Deal with specific aspects of Study Group work s Issues related with multiple SGs  Joint WPs, Joint TGs

22. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune22 SG 1 WP 1A : Spectrum engineering techniques WP 1B : Spectrum management methodologies WP 1C : Spectrum monitoring (TG 1/9 : Compatibility between different passive and active services)

23. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune23 SG 3 WP 3JPropagation fundamentals WP 3KPoint-to-area propagation WP 3LIonospheric propagation WP 3MPoint-to-point and Earth- space propagation

24. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune24 SG 4 WP 4A : Efficient orbit / spectrum utilization WP 4B : Systems, air interfaces, performance and availability objectives for FSS, BSS and MSS, including IP- based applications and satellite news gathering WP 4C : All mobile-satellite services and radiodetermination-satellite service

25. SG5 (WPs) WP 5A: Land mobile service excluding IMT, amateur and amateur-satellite service WP 5B: Maritime mobile service including Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), aeronautical mobile service and radiodetermination service WP 5C: Fixed wireless systems, HF systems in the Fixed and Land Mobile Services WP 5D: IMT Systems JTG 5-6: Studies on the use of the band 790- 862 MHz by mobile applications and by other services February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune25

26. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune26 SG 6 (WPs) WP 6D: Broadcasting delivery, excluding the RF system and spectrum aspects of the BSS WP 6G: Generation of broadcasting services, including technologies for content signal creation, production and quality control WP 6X: Access to broadcasting services, including converged services, multimedia, interactivity and service requirements JTG 5-6: - Studies on the use of the band 790- 862 MHz by mobile applications and by other services

27. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune27 SG 7 WP 7A : Time signals and frequency standard emissions WP 7B : Space radio systems WP 7C : Earth-exploration satellite systems and meteorological elements WP 7D: Radio Astronomy

28. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune28

29. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune29 Documents s Input Documents from Member States, Sector Members and International Organizations, etc. (White) s Liaison Statements from other WPs, TGs, etc. (White) s Output Documents (Yellow) s Administrative Documents (Green/Blue)

30. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune30 WPs, TGs, SGs, etc. Consider input Documents Contributions from Member States, etc. Liaison Statements From other Groups Chairman’s Report Liaison Statements To other Groups Contributions To Parent SG Such as DNRs Documents carried on  Chairman’s report

31. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune31 ITU Web page s http://www.itu.int/ top page http://www.itu.int/ s http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/ http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/ Submitted documents appear on the Web. You need a TIES account to download files.

32. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune32 Recommendations The ITU-R Recommendations provide a body of technical, operational and regulatory / procedural information that has been agreed upon by the participating administrations.

33. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune33 Production of Recs. QuestionPDNR DNRAgenda Item New Rec Study Group Working Party Task Group Administration Study based on contributions APPROVE ADOPT VOTE

34. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune34 How to Name Recs Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2 RA:Radio Astronomy 769: sequential number -2 : Revision number

35. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune35 ITU-R Recommendations BO Satellite delivery BRRecording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BTBroadcasting service (television) FFixed service MMobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services PRadiowave propagation RARadio astronomy RSRemote sensing systems SFixed-satellite service SASpace applications and meteorology SFFrequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SMSpectrum management SNGSatellite news gathering TFTime signals and frequency standards emissions VVocabulary and related subjects

36. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune36 RA series Recs RA.1750Mutual planning between the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) and the radio astronomy service in the 94 GHz and 130 GHz bands

37. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune37 Current Frequency Allocations 9 kHz – 275 GHz < 9 kHz : 5.53Administrations authorizing the use of frequencies below 9 kHz shall ensure that no harmful interference is caused thereby to the services to which the bands above 9 kHz are allocated. 5.54Administrations conducting scientific research using frequencies below 9 kHz are urged to advise other administrations that may be concerned in order that such research may be afforded all practicable protection from harmful interference.

38. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune38 footnotesRAS Primary alloc. Secondary direction

39. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune39 Primary & Secondary Services a)services the names of which are printed in “capitals” (example: FIXED); these are called “primary” services; b)services the names of which are printed in “normal characters” (example: Mobile); these are called “secondary” services. Stations of a secondary service: a)shall not cause harmful interference to stations of primary services to which frequencies are already assigned or to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date; b)cannot claim protection from harmful interference from stations of a primary service to which frequencies are already assigned or may be assigned at a later date; c)can claim protection, however, from harmful interference from stations of the same or other secondary service(s) to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date.

40. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune40 Allocation > 275 GHz s No allocation at present (only footnote 5.565) s Revision of FN 5.565 – agenda for WRC-2011 (up to 3000 GHz)

41. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune41

42. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune42 5.565 The frequency band 275-1000 GHz may be used by administrations for experimentation with, and development of, various active and passive services. In this band a need has been identified for the following spectral line measurements for passive services: – radio astronomy service: 275 ‑ 323 GHz, 327 ‑ 371 GHz, 388 ‑ 424 GHz, 426 ‑ 442 GHz, 453 ‑ 510 GHz, 623 ‑ 711 GHz, 795 ‑ 909 GHz and 926-945 GHz; – Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service (passive): 275-277 GHz, 294 ‑ 306 GHz, 316 ‑ 334 GHz, 342 ‑ 349 GHz, 363 ‑ 365 GHz, 371 ‑ 389 GHz, 416 ‑ 434 GHz, 442 ‑ 444 GHz, 496 ‑ 506 GHz, 546 ‑ 568 GHz, 624 ‑ 629 GHz, 634 ‑ 654 GHz, 659 ‑ 661 GHz, 684 ‑ 692 GHz, 730 ‑ 732 GHz, 851 ‑ 853 GHz and 951 ‑ 956 GHz. Future research in this largely unexplored spectral region may yield additional spectral lines and continuum bands of interest to the passive services. Administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the date when the allocation Table is established in the above-mentioned frequency band. (WRC ‑ 2000)

43. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune43 RA bands defined in ITU s Frequency usages are regulated in ITU s RA bands  rights to be protected

44. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune44 Where are RA bands ? Frequency Bands(MHz)Frequency Bands(GHz) 13.360 - 13.410 25.550 - 25.670 37.5 - 38.25 73 - 74.6 150.05 - 153 322 - 328.6 406.1 - 410 608 - 614 1 400 - 1 427 (HI) 1 610.6 - 1 613.8 (OH) 1 660 - 1 670 (OH) 2 655 - 2 700 4 800 - 5 000 (H 2 CO) 10.6 - 10.7 14.47 – 14.50 (H 2 CO)0 15.35 - 15.40 22.21- 22.50 (H 2 O) 23.6 - 24.0 (NH 3 ) 31.3 - 31.80 42.5 - 43.5 (SiO) 76 - 116 123 - 158.5 164 - 16700 200 - 231.500 241 - 275

45. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune45 RA bands above 71 GHz

46. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune46 Shared RA bands In many RA bands, other services are also allocated.  INTERFERENCE !? It is necessary to coordinate between RAS and other services.

47. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune47 Adjacent to RA bands In many cases, there are satellite services (FSS, MSS, BSS, etc) in downlink !! RA can not avoid interference by choosing sites.

48. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune48 Iridium Satellites Max hold 1 min IF output 5dB/div 1450-1950 MHz

49. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune49 Observed Interference at CRL

50. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune50 Interference by GSOs GSOs 21cm obs. at Bonn

51. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune51 Radio Frequency Interference s Radio contaminations by artificial transmission (Telecomm., Radar, etc.) s Serious Problem for low-frequency RA observations s RFI will occur in higher frequencies

52. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune52 Necessary bandwidth 1.152 necessary bandwidth: For a given class of emission, the width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions.

53. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune53 Unwanted emissions 1.144out-of-band emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions. 1.145spurious emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions. 1.146unwanted emissions: Consist of spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions.

54. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune54 Appendix to Article 3 (before WRC-03) For the purpose of setting limits, all emissions, including harmonic emissions, intermodulation products, frequency conversion products and parasitic emissions, which fall at frequencies separated from the centre frequency of the emission by  250%, or more, of the necessary bandwidth of the emission will generally be considered as spurious emissions.

55. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune55 frequency Necessary bandwidth OOB emission Δf 2.0 x Δf Spurious emission 2.0 x Δf Spurious emission

56. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune56 Decision by WRC-03 1.146Aout-of-band domain (of an emission): The frequency range, immediately outside the necessary bandwidth but excluding the spurious domain, in which out- of-band emissions generally predominate. Out-of-band emissions, defined based on their source, occur in the out-of- band domain and, to a lesser extent, in the spurious domain. Spurious emissions likewise may occur in the out-of-band domain as well as in the spurious domain. (WRC-03) 1.146Bspurious domain (of an emission): The frequency range beyond the out-of-band domain in which spurious emissions generally predominate. (WRC-03)

57. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune57 New definition

58. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune58

59. February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune59