1. The Holocaust

2. Question
Question
What are examples in History, in which people were discriminated against, hated because of their race, religion or political ties?
Discuss with a partner what it means to discriminate against?

3. Pyramid
of Hate
This pyramid shows how hate can escalate into something more than just discrimination but into extermination.

4. What is Genocide?
The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group.
Past and Current Genocides
- The Holocaust - Rwanda
- Armenians - Yugoslavia
- Soviet Union - Dafur
- Cambodia

5. Elements Leading to the Holocaust
Totalitarianism combined with Nationalism
History of Anti-Semitism
Defeat in World War I
Hitler’s belief in the Master Race
The Final Solution

6. Chancellor of Germany: 30 January, 1933 Was known for his Charisma
Nazi Party
Adolph Hitler
elected
Chancellor of Germany: 30 January, 1933
Was known for his Charisma
BECAME POPULAR BY USING…
Propaganda, Nationalism, Anti-Semitism

7. Propaganda Posters, films, books Children easier to influence
Hitler Youth
Teaching “racial theory” in classrooms
Children’s Books
More than 100,000 copies sold in 1930s
“Don’t Trust a Fox in a Green Meadow
Or the Word of a Jew”
Slogans like “Judas the Jew betrayed Jesus the German to the Jews” recited in the classroom

8. History of Swastika Ancient symbol >3000 years old
Original word “svastika” comes from Sanskrit meaning: To be Good
Used mostly with positive meanings
Countries that used the Swastika as a symbol:
China
England
Germany
Greece
India
UNITED STATES

9. The Nazis & The Swastika
Nazi Party formally
adopted symbol in 1920.
Hitler designed the flag, choosing red, black and white because those were the colors of the original German flag.
Symbolized the “Aryan (Master) Race” since the mid-19th century

10. Totalitarianism
Centralized control by an autocratic authority and the political concept that the citizens should be totally subjected to an absolute state authority

11. Nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to a nation; and a sense of national consciousness exalting ones nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups.

12. Anti-Semitism
Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group.

13. Master Race
Designated a supposed master race of Non-Jewish Caucasians usually having Nordic features.
Blond hair, blue eyes
Known as the Aryan Race
Chart Showing the Races of Germany

14. Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass” Throughout Germany
November 9-10, 1938
Jewish holy texts destroyed during Kristallnacht
Jewish stores destroyed

15. Oberramstadt, Germany
Local synagogue burns during Kristallnacht while firefighters ignore it to “save” a nearby house. Bystanders watch as it is destroyed.

16. Boerneplatz: burning ; one wall remaining

17. Final Solution
Ghettos
Camps
Transportation
Gas Chambers
Crematories

18. Ghetto An area within a city that all Jews were forced to live.
Food rations and living conditions were very poor.
Major Ghettos
Warsaw
Lodz
Kovno

20. Systematic Deportation Boxcar
100+ people in one car
Doors were bolted shut
No place to sit down
Often people were forced to pay for their transportation
No food or water given.
Transportation

21. WHY POLAND? Poland=highest population of Jews in Europe
Easier to hide their crimes from German citizens and others
Easier to transport there
~Plaque at Birkenau

22. Who Was Targeted? Gypsies (300,000-500,000)
Mentally or Physically Handicapped
Homosexuals
Political Opposition Leaders
Socialists & Communists
Jehovah's Witnesses
ANYONE who disagreed with Hitler’s beliefs or was different than their ideal

23. Concentration Camps Types of Camps Major Camps Concentration/Labor
Extermination/Death
Major Camps
Dauchau-Buchenwald
Auschwitz
Treblinkia
Bikenau
Types of Camps
Concentration camps
Forced labor
Life in the camp was terrible
There was overcrowding
Low food rations
Prisoners underwent interrogations to discover and information
Cruel medical experiments conducted

24. Concentration Camps 6 acknowledged German camps
Located in occupied Poland
million killed
80% Jews
½ of all Jews killed during Holocaust
Almost complete Jewish population of Poland.
Ruins at Birkenau: chimneys

25. Gas Chambers Many victims did not know of their death
Gas Chambers were referred to as Baths/Showers
Zyklon B – was used as a poison
Millions of people came to their deaths.

26. Crematoriums Prisoners were forced to staff the crematoriums.
Their job was to remove all valuables from the victims.
Click here to watch a
Survivors Testimony…

27. Camp Death Tolls Maly Trostenets: >60,000 Chelmno: >152,000
Majdanek: 78, ,000
SobibÓr: >250,000
Belzec: >436,000
Jasenovac: 500, ,000
Treblinka: >800,000

28. Auschwitz:
1,400,000

29. Auschwitz Front gate of Auschwitz I. “Work makes one free.”
Door to Gas Chamber. “Harmful Gas! Entering endangers your life!”

30. Auschwitz II
Entrance to Auschwitz II; commonly known as “Auschwitz.” Main purpose of the camp: extermination

31. Execution Wall
Gas Chambers & Crematorium
Block 11
Loot Storage
Camp Kitchen
A Section of Barracks Buildings
To Birkenau

32. Smoke from Crematoria V
Execution Area
Railway Cars
Trenches
Prisoner Formations

33. Photos from Auschwitz Corpses of women on Block 11 (torture block)
Mountain of shoes taken from new arrivals
Execution Wall: 20,000 killed

34. Barracks (TL)--Prisoners’ Clothes (BL)--Bathroom Facilities (TR)--Bunks (BR)

35. Ruins of Crematory III
Ruins of Crematory II
Crematory

36. Genocide Today

37. Armenian Genocide
1915 – 1923
1,500,000 men, women and children murdered
500,000 survivors expelled form their homes

38. Soviet Union (Famine)
Peasants, government and military leaders, and members of the elite
1932 – 1933
Man made famine – Soviet troops seized all of the crops

39. Educated, artists, technicians, formers government officials, monks, and minorities.
1,700,000 murdered – this includes those who died by slave labor
Cambodia

40. Rwanda Tutsi and moderate Hutus 1994 Lasted only 100 days
937,000 murdered
largest amounts of people to die in genocide per day

41. Yugoslavia Bosnian Muslims and Croats 1992 – 1995
Srebrenica Massacre – 8,000 murdered

42. Darfur
80 black African groups (including – Fur, Zaghawa and Massalit)‏
2,000,000 murdered
4,000,000 displaced
Currently ongoing
Conflict began in February 2003
Stems from the 1980’s
Estimates 200,000 killed – this is a conservative estimate

43. The Author…

44. Elie Wiesel
Buckenwald

45. A7713 Arrived in Auschwitz at age 15 In Auschwitz from 1944-1945
Separated from his family
Cattle cars in Wiesel’s hometown (Sighet, Transylvania)

46. Wiesel and Night Wouldn’t discuss his experiences
Finally was convinced by Nobel laureate Francois Mauriac to write down his story
Originally a 900 page account And the World Remained Silent
2 years later, it was compressed into a 127 page French version La Nuit (Night)

47. NIGHT 1960: First English Translation Published 2006: New Edition
published (translated by
his wife—most accurate
version)
Elie Wiesel reflects on the enduring importance of Night and his lifelong, passionate dedication to ensuring that the world never forgets man's capacity for inhumanity to man.

48. Wiesel Background
Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, Wiesel has dedicated his life to speaking out against hatred, bigotry and genocide
In 1978, President Jimmy Carter appointed Elie Wiesel as Chairman of the President's Commission on the Holocaust.
In 1980, he became the
Founding Chairman of the
United States Holocaust
Memorial Council and was
instrumental in the creation
of the United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum

49. Wiesel Background Cont.
He has received numerous awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the U.S. Congressional Gold Medal and the Medal of Liberty Award and the rank of Grand-Croix in the French Legion of Honor
In 1963, Wiesel became a U.S. citizen and has been the Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities at Boston University since Wiesel and his wife have one son, Shlomo-Elisha, named after his father.

50. TERMS TO KNOW…

51. Holocaust Literally means “Destruction by Fire”
Also used to refer to Nazi’s ethnic cleansing from

52. Anti-Semitism Prejudice against Jews
“Semite”=Jewish person
“Anti”-Against
Nazi Germany had an official policy against Jewish people

53. Gentile
A person who is a “non-Jew”
A Christian is a Gentile

54. Talmud
The authoritative body of Jewish study

55. Cabbala Spelled many different ways—all refer to the same thing
A combination of Jewish religion and Philosophy
A mysticism
Madonna brought Kabbalah publicity by taking classes and becoming a devotee

56. Zohar
An advanced Jewish religious text of unparalleled mysticism and power

57. Kaddish
A prayer praising God
Recited by Jewish mourners

58. Orthodox Jews Traditional Jews who follow the Torah
Eat only Kosher food
Observe the Sabbath

59. Juden
German word for “Jews”

60. Passover
A Jewish holiday celebrating the Jews’ exodus from Egypt

61. Rosh Hashana
The Jewish New Year
Happy Celebration, a festival

62. Yom Kippur
Day of Atonement