1. Class Project Report Sustainable Air Quality, EECE 449/549, Spring 2009 Washington University, St. Louis, MO The Energy Analysis and Carbon Footprint of the Danforth University Center The Energy Analysis and Carbon Footprint of the Danforth University Center Instructors: Professor Rudolf B. Husar, Erin M. Robinson For more details see the class wikiclass wiki Students: Maiko Arashiro, Alex Clark, Neil Feinberg Mark Henson, Kerry Herr, Evan Kangas, Janna Lambson, Michael McDonald, Katie Poeltl, Cameron Smith, Kharel Thompson

2. DUC Energy and Carbon Analysis The goal of the of the project was to analyze the energy use and carbon footprint of DUC The analysis is based on the hourly data for electricity, gas and chilled water and hot water The analyses were performed by EECE449 class with help from J. Biggs and the instructors Results In March-April 09 the end use energy consumption at DUC was: hot water (43%), electricity (23%), cold water (23%) and gas( 10%) For gas, the >90% of the consumption was during the daytime hours; for electricity and water, the consumption occurred throughout the day. The carbon footprint of DUC is dominated by the consumption of electricity (53%).

3. Class Project: Energy Analysis and Carbon Footprint of the Danforth University Center Specific Objectives: 1.Analyze energy usage in the DUC 2.Apportion the energy use to activities in the DUC 3.Determine carbon footprint of the DUC 4.Renewable energy analysis for electricity

4. DUC Space Usage Offices Meeting Rooms Kitchen Dining and Social Areas The LEED Report indicates the space breakdown as: DUC

5. Raw Data Analysis—Time Series Charts and Daily Averages, March 11 – April 29, 2009

6. Raw Data Analysis—Diurnal Charts Show Four Energy Streams

7. Electricity Distribution Diagram - Dynamic Measured DATA Estimated Values

8. AHU-1 Supply Fan Daily Pattern Energy Usage Air Flow Rate

9. DUC HVAC – AHU-1 Energy Recovery Wheel, Btu Exhaust Heat Recovery DUC VAV Box Air Intake Hot Water Coil Hot Water Hot and Chill Water VAV Box Chilled Water Coil

10. Cool and Hot Water Data from March 12-April 15 2009

11. Cool and Hot Water Yearly Extrapolation Estimated yearly cold water usage: 6121 MMBtu Estimated yearly hot water usage: 7039 MMBtu Estimated annual costs: –Cool water: $ 18,464 –Hot water: $61,584 Estimated annual CO 2 emissions: –Cool water: 310 metric tons –Hot water: 436 metric tons

12. Energy coming into the DUC This energy is the amount metered at the DUC in MMBTUs

13. “MEASURED” VERSUS ACTUAL ENERGY USAGE CONVERSION BASIS: 1 kW/ton Refrigeration 80% Boiler Efficiency

14. DUC Carbon Footprint

15. Coal Power Analysis Consideration of powering the DUC entirely on coal power (close to reality): –No square feet of area need to be set aside by school –Costs roughly $8.50/hr or $0.045/kWhr (operation, maintenance, and distributed capital costs) –Over time period of our data (March 12 – Present) this option would have cost about $7,500 or $9,500 when factoring in the “social cost” of carbon. Pros: –Cheap, cheap, cheap –Doesn’t need area set aside for it, the power company already handled that Cons: –Over the same time period above, the DUC would have 50 metric tons of carbon emissions associated with this electricity generation. –Burning of coal also releases significant amounts of sulfur, which can lead to acid rain.

16. Renewable Energy Source Analysis

18. Breakdown of Office Electricity Usage by Activity Used power densities in LEED certification to find electricity usage of equipment and lighting Other usage inferred from percentages given by EIA

19. Graph of Electricity Consumption of Offices Compared to Total DUC Electricity Consumption

20. Breakdown of Office Energy Usage

21. Breakdown of Meeting Room Electricity Usage by Activity Used power densities in LEED certification to find electricity used for lighting Other usage inferred from percentages given by EIA There is a baseline of electricity consumption from cooling and ventilation

22. Graph of Electricity Consumption of Offices Compared to Total DUC Electricity Consumption

23. Breakdown of Meeting Room Energy Usage

24. Energy Breakdown in DUC Kitchen: Weekday According to national data, Energy use in restaurants and industrial kitchens can be divided into 5 categories, and energy is consumed in those areas in these proportions: We used real time DUC data on Natural gas usage to calculate overall DUC kitchen energy usage

25. Energy Breakdown in DUC Kitchen: Weekend Energy usage is much lower on the weekends than during the week. Peaks still occur at traditional meal times, but they aren’t as high.

26. Energy Breakdown by Space

27. Energy Apportionment by Activity