1. Daytime Observing: Sun, Noon, South

2. Sun Measurement - 01 We measured at 10:35 am on Aug 27, 2014 Length of the shadow of a meter stick was 1.25m Trigonometry: 38.7 degrees (sig figs!)

3. Sun Measurement - 02 We measured at 2:40 pm on Aug 27, 2014 Length of the shadow of a meter stick was 0.605m Trigonometry: 58.8 degrees (sig figs!)

4. Is this good or bad or what? Compare to expected value: –Westerville location 40° N latitude –Celestial equator 90° off of that “that” being North AND 40° above horizon –Sun’s celestial (not observer!) coordinates on January 29: +10°, i.e. north of Celestial Equator (see YourSky)YourSky –So: 40° + 90 °- 10° = 120° above N horizon = 60° above S horizon Yoursky: 10:40am: 41.4°, 2:40pm 56.4°

5. Define Noon I.e. agree on the word “noon” meaning (being equivalent to) “time when the sun reaches the highest altitude in the observer’s sky” Note that this time is –different when you are further east or west –the same when you are further north or south Note that the sun culminates in the North in the southern hemisphere!

6. Define South Either opposite of direction to the North Star Or: direction in which the sun culminates

7. Why are Polaris and the Sun in opposite directions? They are not exactly, because “the north direction” and “the south direction” do not exist Their positions are related because –the direction of Polaris defines the rotation axis of the celestial sphere –The sun is somewhere on the sphere –From a “skewed” perspective everything on the sphere culminates on the meridian

8. Reminder: Observer Coordinates Horizon – the plane you stand on Zenith – the point right above you Meridian – the line from North to Zenith to south

9. What you see depends on where you are! Your local sky – your view depends on your location on earth

10. Look North in Westerville

11. Look North on Hawai’i

12. Constellation 1: Orion “the Hunter” Bright Stars: D) Betelgeuze E) Rigel Deep Sky Object: i) Orion Nebula

13. Constellation 2: Gemini “the Twins” zodiacal sign Brightest Stars: I) Castor J=K) Pollux

14. Constellation 3: Taurus “the Bull” zodiacal sign Brightest Star: F) Aldebaran Deep Sky Object: iii) Plejades

15. Constellation 4: Ursa Major Other name: Big Dipper Stars: B) Dubhe C) Merak Navigation: go 5 times the distance from Merak to Dubhe and you are at Polaris.

16. Constellation 5: Ursa Minor Other name: Little Dipper α Ursa Minoris is Polaris [A], the pole star

17. Constellation 6: Canis Major “Big Dog” Stars: H) Sirius (brightest fixed star)

18. Constellation 7: Cancer “Crab” No bright Stars

19. Constellation 8: Leo “the Lion” zodiacal sign Brightest Star: G) Regulus

20. Constellation 9: Cassiopeia Greek mythological figure: mother of Andromeda the big “ W ” in the sky No bright stars

21. Constellation 10: Pisces “the Fishes” Zodiacal sign No bright stars

22. Constellation 11: Pegasus Greek mythological figure: the winged horse big rectangle in the sky No bright stars

23. Constellation 12: Andromeda Greek mythological figure: Daughter of Queen Cassiopeia and King Cepheus rescued from Cetus by Perseus Deep Sky Object: Andromeda Galaxy

24. Position: Angles vs. Distances Locations in the sky are easy to measure: 2 angles Distances from observer are hard (one length)  Together they give the location of an object in three-dimensional space

25. Angles and Angular Size Angles measured in degrees –full circle = 360  ; right angle = 90  –1  = 60' (minutes of arc or arc minutes) –1' = 60" (seconds of arc or arc seconds) Typical angular sizes: –Moon 0.5  Sun 0.5  Jupiter 20”, Betelgeuse (α Ori) 0.05”

26. The Trouble with Angles Angular size of an object cannot tell us its actual size – depends on how far away it is Sun and Moon have very nearly the same angular size (30' = ½  ) when viewed from Earth

27. Angles and Size

28. Without Distances … We do not know the size of an object This makes it hard to figure out the “inner workings” of an object We can’t picture the structure of the solar system, galaxy, cosmos

29. The most important measurement in Astronomy: Distance! The distances are astronomical! The distance scales are very different –Solar system: light minutes –Stars: light years –Galaxies: 100,000 ly –Universe: billions of ly Need different “yardsticks”