1. BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY

2. INTRODUCTION
The term Biodiversity was first coined by Walter G. Rosen in The biosphere comprises of a complex collections of innumerable organisms, known as the Biodiversity, which constitute the vital life support for survival of human race. Biological diversity, abbreviated as biodiversity, represent the sum total of various life forms such as unicellular fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and multi cellular organisms such as plants, fishes, and mammals at various biological levels including gens, habitats, and ecosystem .

3. Biodiversity
What does “Bio” means?
Life
Bio =

4. Biodiversity
What does “Diversity” means?
Diversity = Variety

5. CONCEPT AND TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is the variety of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence of all living things.
As defined in convention on Biological diversity singed at Rio De Jenerio (Brazil) in 1992 by 154 countries, the Biodiversity defined as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic eco-systems and the ecological complexes of which the area part- this include diversity with in species, between species and of ecosystem.”
According to IUCN in 1998, “the variety and variability of species of their population, the variety of species of their life forms, the diversity of the complex association with species with their interaction and their ecological process which influences perform.”

6. There are three types of biodiversity
Diversity of Species
Diversity of Ecosystem
Diversity of Genes

7. Species diversity
The number or variety of species in a particular region
Species richness = number of species
Evenness, or relative abundance = extent to which numbers of different species are equal or skewed
Species = a particular type of organism; a population or group of populations whose members share certain characteristics and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring
Figure 15.2

8. Ecosystem diversity Includes diversity above the species level
Biologists have viewed diversity above the species level in various ways. Some alternative ways to categorize it include:
Community diversity
Habitat diversity
Landscape diversity
Figure 15.2

9. Genetic diversity
Includes the differences in DNA composition among individuals within a given species
Adaptation to particular environmental conditions may weed out genetic variants that are not successful.
But populations benefit from some genetic diversity, so as to avoid inbreeding or disease epidemics.
Figure 15.2

10. DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY
Flora and fauna diversity depends on-
Climate
Altitude
Soils
Presence of other species
Most of the biodiversity concentrated in Tropical region.

11. BIODIVERSITY AND BALANCE OF NATURE
Tropic Level: Elimination of species from tropic level can cause destruction of ecosystem as well as biodiversity.
Plants in forest
Deer
Lion
Complex Ecosystem: In a complicated ecosystem having several tropic levels, loss of one or more spices do not cause any serious problem because the alternative available.
Keystone Species: Loss or addition of species causes detectable changes in ecosystem rates i.e. species make unique contribution to ecosystem functioning.
Niche Complementary: Difference among species in their requirements for different resources will cause complementary interaction so that a species could obtain more resources.

12. Facilitation and Mutualism: Plants may also benefit from
Facilitation and Mutualism: Plants may also benefit from their neighbors through amelioration of the physical and biotic environment.
Portfolio Effect: Species richness increases the temporal stability of the entire community while the biomass is stabilized.
Insurance Hypothesis: Biodiversity buffers ecosystem against environmental changes such as global warming.

13. Benefits of biodiversity
Preserving biodiversity preserves ecosystem services, and directly provides things of pragmatic value to us.
• Food, fuel, and fiber
• Shelter and building materials
• Air and water purification
• Waste decomposition
• Climate stabilization and moderation
• Nutrient cycling
• Soil fertility
• Pollination
• Pest control
• Genetic resources

14. Benefits of biodiversity: Food security
Many species not now commonly used for food could be. .Genetic diversity within crop species and their relatives enhances our agriculture and provides insurance against losses of prevalent strains of staple crops.
Figure 15.11

15. Benefits of biodiversity: Medicine
Many species can provide novel medicines; we don’t want to drive these extinct without ever discovering their uses.
Ten of our top 25 drugs come directly from wild plants; the rest we developed because of studying the chemistry of wild species.
Figure 15.12

16. Forest and their Uses

17. General Use

18. Maintaining the water supply

19. Maintaining the water supply
Forest:
Enable water to be collected and stored within a water catchment
Eg: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
Consists of 4 reservoirs surrounded by forests

20. Maintaining the water supply
Forest forms part of the water cycle:
Process of evapo-transpiration
Water released into the atmosphere
Encouraging Cloud formation, condensation and rain
Rain falls replenishes the water in rivers and reservoirs
Leaves/branches intercept water and water seeps into the ground as groundwater
Reducing surface-runoffs

21. Maintaining water quality
Supports natural filteration
Makes its possible for drinking and supporting life
As the water flows seeps into the ground, soil particles trap impurities and filters the water
Less run-offs reduce erosion of soil and deposited in reservoirs and rivers

22. Maintains the Nutrient cycle
Keeps the soil fertile

23. Replenishing Oxygen and Removing Carbon Dioxide
Forest as Green Lungs of the Earth:
During photosynthesis, trees and plants give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide to make food
Reduction in carbon dioxide content prevents rising global temperatures

24. Nutrients on the forest floor

25. Form of Habitat for People

26. Pollination and Seed Dispersal
Many flowering plants depend on animals for pollination to produce food.
30% of human crops depend on free services of pollinators; replacement value estimated billions of dollars/year in US alone
Pollination and Seed Dispersal
Approximately 90% of flowering plants depend on pollination by bees, birds, bats and other pollinators for reproduction. The loss of pollinators and the services they provide would drastically reduce the size of food harvests and threaten non-agricultural species with extinction. Besides pollination, biodiversity provides many other services to agriculture not detailed here, such as natural pest control and a genetic library for crop and livestock improvement.
Source: Spector© AMNH-CBC

27. Source of Inspiration or Information
Biomimicry
Applied Biology
Medical Models
Education and Scientific Research
Source: Brumbaugh © AMNH-CBC
Source of Inspiration or Information
Humans have always relied on biodiversity to help understand and solve problems in the world around us. This slide examines some of the ways that biodiversity inspires us, from biomimicry to applied biology and medical models, as well as for scientific research and education. Discoveries made during scientific research have revolutionized many fields. A heat-tolerant enzyme found in bacteria living in the hotsprings of Yellowstone National Park in the United States is the underpinning of much of today’s genetic and biotechnology research. These heat-tolerant enzymes, known as taq enzymes, are used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to replicate genetic material. From airplanes to velcro, the natural world has provided a source of inspiration to overcome challenges. This phenomenon is sometimes termed “biomimicry” as the technological innovation mimics something from the biological world. For example, Velcro was patterned after cockleburs, a plant that disperses its seeds via its sticky seed pods that attach to people or animals as they walk through a meadow.

28. Form of habitat for plants and animal species

29. As a Resource
For timber:
For industries

31. Recreation and eco-tourism

32. Aesthetic Value Aesthetic Value
Source: Brumbaugh © AMNH-CBC
Aesthetic Value
Another example of cultural values is the aesthetic value that different cultures find in biodiversity. In fact many of the first national parks and protected areas were created to protect beautiful and awe-inspiring landscapes.
How do aesthetic values differ between cultures?

33. Camping and hiking

34. Education and Research

35. Loss of nature – loss of life
Species go extinct at more than 100 times the normal rate.
The average abundance of species has declined by 40% in thirty years.
Two of three ecosystem services are declining

37. Should we be concerned about biodiversity?
What we know: The Earth is losing species at an alarming rate
Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year.
when species of plants and animals go extinct, many other species are affected.

38. Bio geographical Classification Of India
The study of biota with regard to their origin,
environmental interrelationships and distribution is called
Biogeography. There are about ten biogeographical areas in India are as follows:-
Trans–Himalaya Himalaya
3. Desert (Kutch and Thar) Semiarid
5. Western Ghats Deccan Penninsula
7. Gangetic Plains Marine Coast
9. North East Indian Islands

39. Biological Diversity At National Level
India has a rich biological diversity of flora and fauna.
Over all 6% of the global species are found in India.
India ranks 10th among the plant rich countries of the world, 11th in terms of number of endemic species of higher vertebrates and 6th among the centres of diversity and origin of agricultural crops.
India as a Mega diversity Nation
India is one of the 12 Mega diversity countries in the world.

40. Hot Spots Of Biodiversity
Areas which exhibit high species richnees as well as high species endemism are termed as hot spots of biodiversity.
The term was introduced by Myers(1988). There are 25 hot spots of biodiversity on a global level out of which 2 are present in India, namely the Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats. An area is designated as a hot spot when it contains at least 0.5% of the plant species as endemics.

41. Conservation approaches: Biodiversity hotspots
Global map of biodiversity hotspots, as determined by Conservation International
Figure 15.19

42. Global hot spots of Biodiversity
Tropical Andes Mesoamerican forests
3. Caribbean Brazil's Atlantic Forest
Darien of Panama Western Ecuador
Central Chile Brazil's Cerrado
8. Madagascar California Floristic Province
10. Eastern Arc and Coastal Forest of Tanzania/Kenya
Western African Forests
12. Cape Floristic Province
13. Succulent Karoo Mediterranean Basin

43. 15. Caucasus Sundaland
17. Wallacea Philippines
19. Indo- Berma Eastern Himalayas
20. South- central China
21. Western- Ghats Sri Lanka
22. South- western Australia
23. New Caledonia
24. New Zealand
25. Polynesia/Micronesia

44. Endangered golden lion tamarin, endemic to Brazil’s Atlantic rainforest, which has been almost totally destroyed
Figure 15.18

45. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Natural causes:
Narrow geographical area
Low population
Low breeding rate
Natural disasters
Anthropogenic causes:
Habitat modification
Overexploitation of selected species
Innovation by exotic species

46. Pollution
Hunting
Global warming and climate change
Agriculture

47. Causes of species extinction
Primary causes spell “HIPPO”:
• Habitat alteration
• Invasive species
• Pollution
• Population growth
• Overexploitation

48. “HIPPO”: Habitat alteration
The greatest cause of extinction today
Accounts for 85% of population declines of birds and mammals
Habitat change hurts most organisms because they are adapted to an existing habitat.
Alteration due to:
Forest clearing, Urban development
Agriculture, Global climate change etc….

49. “HIPPO”: Invasive species
Accidental or intentional introduction of exotic species to new areas
Most do not establish or expand, but some do—likely because they are “released” from limitations imposed by their native predators, parasites, and competitors.
In today’s globalizing world,
invasive species have become perhaps the second- worst threat to native biota.

50. “HIPPO”: Invasive species
• Gypsy moth
• European starling
• Indian mongoose
• Caulerpa algae
• Cheatgrass
• Brown tree snake
Examples:
• Mosquito fish
• Zebra mussel
• Kudzu
• Asian long-horned beetle
• Rosy wolfsnail
• Cane toad
• Bullfrog
Figure 15.10

51. “HIPPO”: Pollution
Air and water pollution; agricultural runoff, industrial chemicals, etc.
Pollution does serious and widespread harm, but is not as threatening as the other elements of HIPPO.

52. “HIPPO”: Population growth
Human population growth exacerbates every other environmental problem.
Magnifies effects of the other elements of HIPPO:
More people means more habitat change, more invasive species, more pollution, more overexploitation.
Along with increased resource consumption, it is the ultimate reason behind proximate threats to biodiversity.

53. “HIPPO”: Overexploitation
Two meanings:
Overharvesting of species from the wild
(too much hunting, fishing…)
Overconsumption of resources
(too much timber cutting, fossil fuel use…)
Usually overexploitation is not the sole cause of extinction, but it often contributes in tandem with other causes.

54. Illegal Killing and Trading of Wildlife
Poaching endangers many larger animals, rare plants
Over two-thirds die in transit
Illegal trade $6–$10 billion per year
Wild species depleted by pet trade
Exotic plants often illegally gathered

55. White Rhinoceros Poached for Its Horn
Elephant is poached for teeth
White Rhinoceros Poached for Its Horn

56. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity inventories
Conserving Biodiversity in protected Habitats-
In situ conservation
Ex situ conservation
Seed Bank, Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, DNA
Bank
zoo
Gene Bank
Bandhavgarh National Park

57. Restoration of Biodiversity
Imparting Environmental Education
Enacting, strengthening and enforcing Environmental Legislation
Population Control
Reviewing the agriculture practice
Controlling Urbanization
Conservation through Biotechnology

58. Biodiversity Conservation In situ Sacred groves ad lakes
Biosphere Reserves
Terrestrial
Marine
National parks, wildlife sanctuaries
Ex situ
Sacred plant home garden
Seed Bank, Gene bank, Cryopreservation
Botanical garden, Zoological garden, Aquaria

59. Conservation approaches
In-situ
Involves protection of natural areas with high biodiversity.
Ex-situ
here we conserve biodiversity in an artificial setting.

60. Insitu conservation
At present we have 8 major Biosphere reserves, 88 National parks , 490 sanctuaries .
The Biosphere reserves conserve some representative ecosystems as a whole for long- term in –situ conservation. Within the Biosphere reserves we may have one or more National parks.
EX. Nilgiri Biosphere reserve has two National parks Bandipur and Nagarhole National Park. Few Examples of Biosphere reserves
Nilgiri Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka
Nanda Devi Uttaranchal
Nokrerk Meghalaya
Manas Assam
Sunderbans West Bengal

61. The national parks and sanctuaries

62. A National Park is an area dedicated for the conservation of wildlife along with its environment. A national park has a defined boundary, through which no person can get into the park without an approval. Only an approved person can enter into a national park, either via paying a visitor ticket or an approved letter from the governing body .
EX. Gir National Park , Gujarat (Indian Lion)
Bandipur National Park , Karnataka (Elephant)
Kanha National Park , M.P. (Tiger)

63. A wildlife sanctuary is a declared protected area, where killing, shooting, hunting or capturing of animals is completely. The ownership of this type of protected area could lie in the hands of either a government or in any private organization or person, provided the regulations are governed by the government. However, it is not physically fenced to restrict the public from entering and roaming inside a wildlife sanctuary for research, educational, inspirational, and recreational purposes.
EX. Ghana Bird Sanctuary ,Rajasthan. (Major wild life –birds)
Mudamalai Wild life Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. (Tiger,
elephant, Leopard)
Jaldapara Wild life Sanctuary, W.Bengal.
(Rhinoceros, Tiger, elephant)

64. Introduction to ex-situ conservation
Involves taking an animal or plant out of its habitat and placing it in human care
This term covers old methods such as zoos, as well as new methods such as seed banks and gene banks
Ex-situ conservation may not be the ideal method but often the only answer
Ex-situ conservation involves removing an animal from its natural surroundings and placing it in human care. This is often carried out when species are endangered and the habitat in which they live is threatened. The term ex-situ covers three main area, the first and most obvious are the zoos, botanical gardens and aquaria, the second is the seedbanks and the third is genebanks and “frozen zoos”

65. The sides to ex-situ conservation
Zoos, parks and botanical gardens
Seed banks
Gene banks
NBAGR (National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, located at Karnal,Haryana)
NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, located in New Delhi)

66. Cryopreservation
 Rapid progress made
Great potential for conservation
Using liquid Nitrogen at
-1960C
Seed Bank

67. % of Indian species Evaluated Species Threatened In India
BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
Categories
No. of Indian Species
% of Indian species Evaluated
Species Threatened In India
Mammals
386 59
41%
Birds
1219 _ 7%
Reptiles
495 73
46%
Amphibians
207 79
57%
Freshwater Fish
700 46
70%
Source- Based on Kumar et.al 2000

68. CONCLUSION
Biodiversity is our life. If the Biodiversity got lost at this rate then in near future, the survival of human being will be threatened. So, it is our moral duty to conserve Biodiversity as well our Environment. Long-term maintenance of species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire landscapes. Biodiversity should be dealt with at scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species level.