1. RICE Air Toxics Health Effects and Development of Standards Matt Fraser Civil and Environmental Engineering Department

2. Overview Review of Ambient Measurements of Air Toxics Current Air Toxics Regulations Research Agenda for HEI Funded Project (Air Toxics Apportionment Work at Rice University) RICE

3. Current Air Toxics Regulations Emission standards NESHAPs (Title V CAAA 1990) regulate pollution control equipment for specific industries and sources of hazardous air pollutants Does not preclude state regulations of ambient concentrations of air toxics Texas has established Effects Screening Levels (ESLs) that are evaluated in permitting process usually set at 1% of threshold limit values RICE

4. Other State Approaches California 10 -6 carcinogenicity risk plus reference exposure level established by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Connecticut Hazardous limiting values established as ambient air concentrations by Commissioner of Health Services Louisiana Carcinogenicity risk not to exceed 10 -4 for regulated HAPS Massachusetts 115 health based allowable ambient levels RICE

5. Other State Approaches Michigan Initial Threshold Screening Level set by State. Then carcinogenicity not to exceed 10 -6. New Jersey Carcinogenicity risk not to exceed 10 -6 for regulated HAPS North Carolina State has set acceptable ambient pollutant levels. If exceed these levels outside facility property, must show “maximum feasible control”. Rhode Island Ambient concentrations not to exceed benchmarks set by State based on RfC from EPA’s IRIS, CARBs REL and New York acceptable levels

6. RICE HEI Funding One year funding for six academic institutions Rice, Baylor College of Medicine, UT School of Public Health, UTMB Galveston, Univ. Houston, Texas Southern Univ. Five Tasks -Identify and collect air toxics standards from other states and other governmental agencies -Determine health effect basis for existing standards in other jurisdictions -Review toxicological endpoint information and epidemiological studies of health effects of air toxics -Compile local data on air toxics sources and ambient levels -Provide guidance on the chemicals that are of concern, their health impacts, and how standards could be implemented

7. Positive Matrix Factorization of Auto-GC Data for Source Attribution Use statistical correlations in time series to determine sources of VOCs Studied three sites: Wallisville Rd, HRM-3 and Lynchberg Ferry RICE

8. Representative Source Profiles RICE

9. Representative Source Profiles RICE

10. Lynchberg Source Attribution Refinery: 115 ppbC Petrochemical Production: 83 ppbC Gasoline Evaporation: 71 ppbc Natural Gas: 68 ppbC Aromatics: 63 ppbC Other Industrial: 13 ppbC RICE

11. Temporal Variability in Source Strength RICE

12. Combining Source and with Met Data: Conditional Probability Function RICE

13. Comparison to Inventory: TCEQ Speciated Point Source Data RICE

14. Petrochemical Conditional Probability Function

15. RICE Petrochemical Point Source Emission Inventory Data

16. RICE

17. 2003 Benzene Data Annual Concentration vs. Wind Direction

18. RICE 2003 Benzene Data at HRM-3 Comparison of Ambient Data versus Inventory Ambient Data Inventory Data