2. PART ONE 2. The Anglo-Norman Period (1066---1485)

3. Historical Background Literary Types 1.Medieval RomanceRomance 2. Popular BalladsPopular Ballads Representative Poet: Geoffrey Chaucer

4. Norman Conquest and its Influence 1. On English Society 2. On English Language

5. Literary Type 1 : Romance

6. Content of Romance Romance Cycles

7. The Content of Romance

8. Knight A knight is simply a mounted warrior wearing heavy armor, riding a war-horse, and fighting with sword and lance. Chivalry was a code of conduct to which all knights adhered. A knight swore to defend the weak and to uphold virtues like compassion, loyalty, generosity and truthfulness.

12. He would always defend a lady. He would speak only the truth. He would be loyal to his lord. He would be devoted to the church. He would be charitable and defend the poor and helpless. He would be brave. When on a quest, he would remove his armor and arms only while sleeping. He would never avoid dangerous paths out of fear. He would be on time for any engagement of arms, like a battle or tournament. Upon returning to his home or lord's court from an adventure, he would always tell of his escapades. If taken prisoner, he would give up his arms and horse to his opponent and not fight the opponent again without the opponent's consent. He would fight only one-on-one against an opponent.

13. Knighthood is conferred.

15. The Romance Cycles

20. Marriage of King Arthur and Guinevere

23. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

25. Literary Type 2: Popular ballad

26. Ballad A narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style. Two forms: the folk ballad and the literary ballad.narrative poem stanzas

27. The Folk Ballad The anonymous folk ballad (or popular ballad), was composed to be sung. It was passed along orally from singer to singer, from generation to generation, and from one region to another. During this progression a particular ballad would undergo many changes in both words and tune.

28. Primarily based on an older legend or romance, this type of ballad is usually a short, simple song that tells a dramatic story through dialogue and action, briefly alluding to what has gone before and devoting little attention to depth of character, setting, or moral commentary. It uses simple language, an economy of words, dramatic contrasts, and frequently refrain.

29. Refrain A repeated line or group of lines, usually at the end of a stanza. The less technical term is 'chorus'.stanza

30. The Literary Ballad The literary ballad is a narrative poem created by a poet in imitation of the old anonymous folk ballad. Usually the literary ballad is more elaborate and complex; the poet may retain only some of the devices and conventions of the older verse narrative. Literary ballads were quite popular in England during the 19th cent. Literary ballads are meant to be read rather than sung.

31. Ballad Stanza The ballad stanza is a quatrain rhyming abcb, and alternating four-stress and three-stress lines. Quatrain? Rhyme? Stress?

32. Rhyme 押韵Rhyme The repetition of the same vowel sound in words, including the last stressed vowel and all the speech sounds following that vowel: gay, day, play; wall, fall; bowed, proud; season, treason. It includes end rhyme and internal rhyme.

33. End Rhyme If the rhyme occurs at the ends of lines, it is called end rhyme. Example 1: In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire? ---William Blake

34. Example 2: With rue my heart is laden For golden friends I had, For many a rose-lipt maiden And many a lightfoot lad. ---Housman

35. Rhyme Scheme 韵式 The pattern of rhymes in a poem is called rhyme scheme, indicated by English letters such as abcb or aabb or abab or abba.

36. Internal Rhyme 行中韵 Internal rhyme occurs within the verse-line. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king, Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing. ---T. NasheT. Nashe

38. Discussion Questions why was Allin happy one day and then sad the next? how did Robin disguise himself so that the Bishop would let him into the Church? how did Robin get the "religious authority" to marry Allin and his bride?

39. A.Identify the ballad characteristics of the poem. B. What story elements are introduced in the 1st 3 stanzas? (Setting): _____________________________________ (Situation): _____________________________________ (Conflict): _____________________________________ Discussion Questions Get Up and Bar the Door

40. B. What story elements are introduced in the 1st 3 stanzas? (Setting):___________________________ _______________________________ (Situation): ________________________________ __________________ (Conflict): ________________________________ _________________________

41. Summary: This ballad is a humorous incident on the age-old theme of the battle of the sexes. A stubborn husband and wife are both unwilling to be the one to get up and bar the door. To end their bickering, they decide to stop talking: the first who breaks the silence will bar the door. When intruders arrive, pull a knife, and threaten to rob and harass them, the man protests. The woman, however, jumps for joy: Her husband has spoken first, so he will have to get up and bar the door.

42. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 -1400) 乔叟 Life Major Works The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 Chaucer’s Contribution to English LiteratureChaucer’s Contribution to English Literature

49. The Canterbury Tales Outline of the Story The General Prologue Social Significance of the Work Language and Form

50. Canterbury

56. Words or phrases or any expressions that create pictures in the reader’s mind are images. Images can appeal to senses: seeing, hearing, touch, taste, smell and movement. Image （意象）

57. Spring --- Thomas Nashe Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king, Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring. Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!

58. The palm and May make country houses gay, Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear ay birds tune this merry lay: Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!

59. The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes our ears do greet: Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! Spring! The sweet Spring!

60. – – The non-literal uses of language such as similes, metaphors, personifications, apostrophe, allusion and other figures of speech are also images.

61. Fog --- Carl Sandburg The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on.

62. Images can create atmosphere/mood and convey theme through verbal pictures. Image is the soul of the significance of a poem.

63. These are the opening lines with which the narrator begins the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales. The imagery in this opening passage is of spring’s renewal and rebirth. April’s sweet showers have penetrated the dry earth of March, hydrating the roots, which in turn coax flowers out of the ground; Zephyrs, the warm, gentle west wind, have breathed life into fields and wood; The sun is shining brightly and genially; and the birds chirp merrily. These fresh and vigorous images combine to provide readers with a picture of the return of spring.

64. The Knight: I am of the highest social standing of the pilgrims. I am the epitome of chivalry. Chaucer idealizes me. I am always modest and never boorish. I am going to Canterbury to give thanks to God for keeping me safe during all my exploits.

65. The Squire: I am the son of the Knight and am quite a lady’s man. I am twenty years old and very proud of my appearance. (Some call me a dandy.) I will be a candidate for knighthood. I sing lusty songs, compose melodies, and ride a horse well.

66. The Yeoman: I am the attendant to the Knight and the Squire. I look like Robin Hood. I am also an expert woodsman and an excellent shot with a bow and arrow.

67. The Nun (Prioress): I am the first Church figure and the first woman to be mentioned. My Christian name is Madame Eglante. I am a gentle lady – well-educated and well-mannered. I try to imitate the ladies at Court. I am very tender hearted, especially toward animals. I have three hound dogs whom I treat very well. I try never to drop food on My clothes. You can tell from my description that I secretly long for a more worldly life.

68. The Wife of Bath: Bath is an English resort city. I am somewhat deaf because my 5 th husband hit me (14 th c. wife abuse). I am an excellent seamstress and weaver. I have been on pilgrimages to Jerusalem,Rome, etc. I am gap-toothed which is a sign of luck. You decide if I’m lucky – I’ve had 5 husbands! I enjoy a good joke. I give love advice. I’m always first at the alter to give my offerings. I love to wear bright crimson stockings and wrap heavy sashes about my body. I told the story that had the moral that husbands should obey their wives..

69. Musical Characteristics- Metrical Rhythm Rhythm refers to the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. In poetry, the rhythm of Lines is described through two terms: meter and foot. meter foot

70. Meter 节拍，音步 The regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Usually a stressed syllable is marked with “ ／ ”, and an unstressed syllable is marked with “ ︺ ”. Names for some common Meters :

71. Iamb(iambic 抑扬格 ): ︺ ／ She walks| in beau|ty, like |the night Of cloud|less climes |and star|ry skies; ---Byron Shall I |compare |thee to |a sum|mer’s day? Thou art |more love|ly and |more tem|perate: ---Shakespeare

72. trochee(trochaic): ／ ︺ Tell me |not in |mournful |numbers, Life is |but an |empty |dream! For the |soul is |dead that |slumbers, And things |are not |what they |seem. ---Longfellow

73. anapest(anapestic): ︺ ︺ ／ As I came| to the edge |of the woods. The Assy|rian came down |like a wolf |on the fold, And his co|horts were gleam|ing in pur|ple and gold.

74. dactyl(dactylic): ／ ︺ ︺ Just for a |handful of |silver he |left us, Just for a |riband to |stick in his |coat.

75. Foot 音步 A unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllables is called a foot. Names for some feet: trimeter: 3 feet tetrameter: 4 feet pentameter: 5 feet hexameter: 6 feet heptameter: 7 feet octameter: 8 feet The number of feet in a line, coupled with the name of the foot, describes the metrical qualities of that line.

76. No. of Lines What It’s Called What It Is 2Rhymed couplet2 lines with identical rhymes 2Heroic couplet2 iambic pentameter lines with identical rhymes 3Triplet or tercet3 lines—any rhyme scheme or meter

77. 3Terza rimaRhyme scheme—aba bcb cdc ded…… 4quatrain4 lines-any rhyme scheme, any length and meter 4Ballad stanzaRhyme scheme-- -abcb 6sestet6 lines

78. 8octave8 line stanza 8Ottava rima8 lines— iambic pentameter; rhyme scheme— abab abcc 9Spenserian stanza 14sonnet

79. Rhyme 押韵Rhyme The repetition of the same vowel sound in words, including the last stressed vowel and all the speech sounds following that vowel: gay, day, play; wall, fall; bowed, proud; season, treason. It includes end rhyme and internal rhyme.

80. End Rhyme If the rhyme occurs at the ends of lines, it is called end rhyme. Example 1: In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire? ---William Blake

81. Example 2: With rue my heart is laden For golden friends I had, For many a rose-lipt maiden And many a lightfoot lad. ---Housman

82. Rhyme Scheme 韵式 The pattern of rhymes in a poem is called rhyme scheme, indicated by English letters such as abcb or aabb or abab or abba.

83. Internal Rhyme 行中韵 Internal rhyme occurs within the verse-line. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king, Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing. ---T. NasheT. Nashe

84. Other Sound Effects Besides the rhyme, there are other sound devices employed in verse, the majors ones of which include alliteration, assonance, consonance and onomatopoeia.

85. Assonance 元音迭韵 The repetition of similar vowel sounds. Old age should burn and rave at close of day ---Dyron Thomas Thou foster child of silence and slow time. ---John Keats

86. Consonance 辅音韵 The repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words. At once a voice arose among The bleak twigs overhead ---T. Hardy And all the air a solemn stillness holds. ---Thomas Gray

87. Onomatopoeia 拟音, 象声词 The use of a word whose sound in some degree imitates or suggests its meaning. The names of some birds are onomatopoetic, imitating the cry of the bird named: cuckoo, owl. Some onomatopoetic words are hiss, clang, rustle, drip, whisper, murmur, meow.

88. Structure A long poem usually consists of a number of lines grouped into lines called STANZAS. Names for some common stanzas with different number of lines: STANZA

89. It is the mood and attitude of the poet or speaker towards his subject. Tone is decided by overall analysis of all the elements involved in the poem(diction, sentence patterns, images, and so on).

90. It is described in ordinary language, such as “cold”, “melancholy”, “cynical”, “calm”, “confident”, “angry”, “serious”, “ironic”, “solemn”, “objective”, “humorous”, “boastful,” etc.

91. Chaucer’s Contribution Iambic pentameter English language Forerunner of English Renaissance Founder of realistic tradition of English literature