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1914-1918: The World at War.

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Presentation on theme: "1914-1918: The World at War."— Presentation transcript:

1 : The World at War

2 Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles”
“The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

3 Causes of the War

4 Alliances By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances. The alliances made it more likely that a war would start. Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

5 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

6 Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

7 Victor Emmanuel II [It]
The Major Players: Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

8 Europe in 1914

9 Imperialism All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory. The British feared Germany in Africa. The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

10 Militarism 1. Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships.
The British feared an attack on their Empire

11 Militarism 2. Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies Germany 1.3m 5.0m France 0.73m 4.0m Russia 0.40m 1.2m

12 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%

13 Imperialism All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory. The British feared Germany in Africa. The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

14 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

15 Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

16 Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

17 The British Empire in 1914

18 Nationalism This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence. In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule. Serbia’s national flag

19 4. Aggressive Nationalism

20 Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

21 The “Spark”

22 Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

23 The Assassination: Sarajevo

24 The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

25 Who’s To Blame?

26 Who Declared War on Who? Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia
Russia Declares War on Austria Hungary Germany Declares War on Russia Germany Declares War on France England Declares War on Germany and Austria Hungary

27

28 By the end of 1914, not only Europe was at war, but also all of Europe’s colonies in Asia, Africa and South America.

29 The Schlieffen Plan

30 German Atrocities in Belgium

31 Mobilization Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!

32 Recruitment Posters

33 A Young Australian Recruit

34 Recruits of the Central Powers
A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother Austro-Hungarians

35 New French Recruits

36 A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

37

38 Women and the War Effort

39 Financing the War

40 For Recruitment

41 Munitions Workers

42 French Women Factory Workers

43 German Women Factory Workers

44 Working in the Fields

45 A Woman Ambulance Driver

46 Red Cross Nurses

47 Women in the Army Auxiliary

48 Russian Women Soldiers

49 Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!

50 Posters: Wartime Propaganda

51 Australian Poster

52 American Poster

53 Financing the War

54 Propaganda Great Britain

55 Propaganda Germany

56 A Multi-Front War

57 The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

58 The Great War Western Front
Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs. French, British and later Americans Germany develops the Schlieffen Plan Battle of the Marne (1914- German Defeat) Trench Warfare on the Western Front

59 The Western Front

60 Trench Warfare

61 Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

62 Western Front: Battles
Battle of Verdun Ten months long French and German armies. Estimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties No strategic advantages were gained for either side. Battle of Somme English and French vs Germany Six months of fighting Five miles of advancement for Allies 1 million men killed

63 Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.

64 The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

65 War Is HELL !!

66 Sacrifices in War

67 Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

68 The Eastern Front

69 Eastern Front Russians and Serbs vs. Germans and Austria-Hungarians
War more mobile but still a stalemate Russia’s disadvantages Not Industrialized Short on Supplies Russia’s advantage People

70 Eastern Front: Battles
Battle of Tannenberg: August First major eastern battle. Russia was badly defeated and pushed back. Russia lost millions of men against Germany, undersupplied, under gunned

71 Other Fronts Japan, Australia, India join Allies
Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions

72 The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

73 Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

74 T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

75 T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

76 Russia Exits the War In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne,
the Russian Duma continues to fight. In October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: The Soviet Union is created. March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.

77 The Tsar with General Brusilov

78 US claims Neutrality I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier
I brought him up to be my pride and joy Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder, To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?

79 The “Colonial” Fronts

80 Sikh British Soldiers in India

81 Fighting in Africa Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mountain Gunners

82 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Africa 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

83 Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

84 The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

85 The Machine Gun New Technology Guns
It was used by both sides, hundreds of rounds a minute could be shot by one person.

86

87 Technology: Chemical Weapons
WWI was the first major war to use chemical weapons Mustard Gas and Chlorine Gas were the two most popular weapons: They caused suffocation, blindness, and death

88 Soldiers would protect themselves using Gas Masks

89

90 French Renault Tank

91 Technology: Tanks

92 British Tank at Ypres

93 Technology: The U-boat (Submarine)
Germany’s secret weapon during the war Sank dozens of British ships, controlled the oceans.

94 Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

95 U-Boats

96 Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

97 Why would the British think the U-boat was breaking the rules of War ?

98 Technology: Airpower Both sides used aircraft for observation, limited bombing, and air battles Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable, The most famous German pilot was Baron von Richthofen (The Red Baron)

99 “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

100 The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.

101 Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

102 Looking for the “Red Baron?”

103 The Zeppelin

104 America Joins the Allies

105 The Sinking of the Lusitania

106 1916 Presidential Election And the Winner is…
Woodrow Wilson Because “he kept us out of the war”

107 US Road to War The Last Straw
Zimmerman Note

108 The Zimmerman Telegram

109 The Yanks Are Coming!

110 Americans in the Trenches

111 “Art” of World War I

112 “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

113 “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

114 “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

115 “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

116 “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

117 German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

118 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

119 Ending the War 1917-1918 US Enters the War in April of 1917
March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Germans now use all resources on Western Front March of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on France

120 Ending the War (1918) The Tide Turns
German troops fatigued US had 140,000 “fresh” troops 2nd Battle of the Marne (June 1918) Central Powers Crumble Revolutions in Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire surrenders German soldiers mutiny, public turns against Kaiser Wilhelm II

121 Ending the War (1918) Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates on November 9th 1918
11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918 Germany agrees to a cease-fire 8.5 million soldiers dead 21 million soldiers wounded Cost of 338 billion dollars

122 The Armistice is Signed!
11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

123 9,000,000 Dead

124 The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died


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