1. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Public PolicyPublic Policy and Practice in Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Public PolicyCriminal Justice Decision Making Part II

2. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Public Policy Clarke E. Cochran, et al.: "the actions of government and the intentions that determine those actions." Clarke E. Cochran Clarke E. Cochran, et al.: "the outcome of the struggle in government over who gets what." Thomas Dye: "Whatever governments choose to do or not do." Thomas Dye Charles L. Cochran and Eloise F. Malone: "political decisions for implementing programs to achieve societal goals." B. Guy Peters: "sum of government activities, whether acting directly or through agents, as it has an influence on the life of citizens." B. Guy Peters

3. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Public Policy Because of limited (scarce) resources choices about the objectives must be made: Which? How? Importance?

4. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster What is Policy Analysis? Refers to a variety of analysis techniques used to develop, analyze and evaluate policy Refers to a variety of analysis techniques used to develop, analyze and evaluate policy The choice of tool may be dependent on the question The choice of tool may be dependent on the question

5. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Tools Seven Criteria of Good Policy Seven Criteria of Good Policy The 6 C’s of Policy Options The 6 C’s of Policy Options The 3 E’s of Policy Options The 3 E’s of Policy Options Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Modeling Modeling Decomposition Analysis Decomposition Analysis Ideological Analysis Ideological Analysis Point of View Analysis Point of View Analysis

6. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Seven Criteria of Good Policy Effectiveness Effectiveness Externalities Externalities Efficiency Efficiency Theory Theory Compliance Compliance Equity Equity Measurable Effect Measurable Effect

7. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Effectiveness What is the bottom line? What is the bottom line? What was is it that the policy intended to do? The bottom line. What was is it that the policy intended to do? The bottom line. Perhaps for a private firm, profit Perhaps for a private firm, profit Is the Policy Working? Is the Policy Working? Are goals met as opposed to activity takes place. Are goals met as opposed to activity takes place.

8. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Traffic Citations The goal is traffic safety! The goal is traffic safety! A motor officer can efficiently issue citations, but does his activities add to the bottom line of traffic safety. A motor officer can efficiently issue citations, but does his activities add to the bottom line of traffic safety.

9. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Externalities Side effects Many actions have intended and unintended positive and negative side effects

10. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Efficiency If effectiveness is concentrating on the outputs or goals, essentially doing the right things. If effectiveness is concentrating on the outputs or goals, essentially doing the right things. Efficiency is doing things right. Using the least amount of inputs (resources) to produce the output. Efficiency is doing things right. Using the least amount of inputs (resources) to produce the output.

11. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Theory The underlying assumptions and theories supporting the theory The underlying assumptions and theories supporting the theory Recall, nearly all justice policy is founded in criminological theory Recall, nearly all justice policy is founded in criminological theorycriminological theorycriminological theory

12. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Compliance Does the policy comply with the fundamentals of our system of laws? Does the policy comply with the fundamentals of our system of laws? Is it Constitutional? Is it Constitutional? Is it consistent with the American system of justice? Is it consistent with the American system of justice?

13. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Equity Are outputs and burdens equitably distributed? Are outputs and burdens equitably distributed? 3 or ½ Exercise

14. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Intervention Effect Can the effect be measured?

15. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster The 6 C’s of Policy Options Concentration Concentration Clarity Clarity Changeability Changeability Challenge Challenge Coordination Coordination Consistency Consistency

16. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Concentration Concentration of resources on meaningful aspect of the problem. Concentration of resources on meaningful aspect of the problem. Do the resources exist to implement the policy – personnel, time, equipment, money, etc. Do the resources exist to implement the policy – personnel, time, equipment, money, etc.

17. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Clarity Are the goals and action steps clearly outlined? Are the goals and action steps clearly outlined? Are all the stakeholders identified? Are all the stakeholders identified? Do the stakeholders implementing the policy understand their roles? Do the stakeholders implementing the policy understand their roles? Do stakeholders affected by the policy understand it? Do stakeholders affected by the policy understand it?

18. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Stakeholders Any organization, governmental entity, or individual that has a stake in or may be impacted by a policy. Any organization, governmental entity, or individual that has a stake in or may be impacted by a policy. Photograph provided by Robert Eplett, California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services

19. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Determining Stakeholders Stakeholders can be determining by analyzing their role in relationship to the problem or policy: Stakeholders can be determining by analyzing their role in relationship to the problem or policy: Rights Rights Responsibilities Responsibilities Revenues and Rewards Revenues and Rewards Relationships Relationships

20. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Changeability How flexible is the policy to change if conditions change? How flexible is the policy to change if conditions change? Are the Stakeholders (individuals and organizations) responsible for implementing the policy able to adapt to the change in policy? Are the Stakeholders (individuals and organizations) responsible for implementing the policy able to adapt to the change in policy? Are the Stakeholders (individuals and organizations) affected by policy able to adapt to the change in policy? Are the Stakeholders (individuals and organizations) affected by policy able to adapt to the change in policy?

21. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Challenge Is the policy doable? Is it realistic in terms of available resources, stakeholder support and outcomes?

22. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Coordination Is there effective coordination and communication between all stakeholders. Is there effective coordination and communication between all stakeholders. Is there a feedback mechanism for course corrections? Is there a feedback mechanism for course corrections?

23. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Consistency Are the actions consistent with the objectives; are the objectives consistent with the goal? Are the actions consistent with the objectives; are the objectives consistent with the goal? Is the policy consistent with other policies? Is the policy consistent with other policies? Is the policy action delivered consistently? Is the policy action delivered consistently?

24. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Goals and Objectives Goals are broad while objectives are narrower, concrete results that support goals: Reduce traffic injuries (Goal) Encourage use of seatbelts (Objective) Enforcement of seatbelt law (Action)

25. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Policy Opportunities Opportunities for new policies or policy change occur with:   Political change   Structural change   Introduction of change agents into organizations   Response to unpredictable major events, trends and changes   Leverage points   Opportunities where the application of relatively minor resources provides huge gains.

26. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Incremental and complex Policy is often incremental, making small changes rather than large changes. Policy is often incremental, making small changes rather than large changes. Experimentation Experimentation Chance events Chance events Learning from mistakes Learning from mistakes Political/financial/stakeholder realities Political/financial/stakeholder realities

27. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Policy Analysis Techniques Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Influence Analysis Influence Analysis Modeling Modeling Decomposition Analysis Decomposition Analysis Forecasting / Futures Analysis Forecasting / Futures Analysis Ideological Analysis Ideological Analysis Point of View Analysis Point of View Analysis

28. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Cost-Benefit Analysis Identify Costs Identify Costs Resources, money, personnel, equipment, etc. Resources, money, personnel, equipment, etc. Identify Benefits Identify Benefits Assign a monetary amount to both Assign a monetary amount to both If benefit greater than cost, implement policy If benefit greater than cost, implement policy

29. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Cost-Benefit Analysis Opportunities Cost Opportunities Cost Intangible benefits Intangible benefits Externalities Externalities Difficulty in assigning real or exact dollar amounts to the future Difficulty in assigning real or exact dollar amounts to the future

30. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Effectiveness of a policy relative to costs. Effectiveness of a policy relative to costs. Expensive policies are sometimes justified by their effectiveness. Expensive policies are sometimes justified by their effectiveness. While some policies are more effective than alternatives, less costly might be preferred if the difference is considered minor. While some policies are more effective than alternatives, less costly might be preferred if the difference is considered minor.

31. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Influence Analysis Sphere of Influence Sphere of Influence Everyone or a few individuals? Everyone or a few individuals? General behavior or specific behavior? General behavior or specific behavior? Mechanisms Mechanisms Degree of coerciveness of policy? Degree of coerciveness of policy?

32. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Influence Analysis Laws against murder Conditions of parole State Traffic regulations City Parking Ordinances Number of people affected by policy HighLow High Low COERCIVENESs

33. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Modeling Modeling is the creation of a simplified version of reality. Modeling is the creation of a simplified version of reality. They are used to understand policy and to make predictions about what will happen They are used to understand policy and to make predictions about what will happen Models are used to so causal and functional relationships Models are used to so causal and functional relationships Models can be graphic or descriptive. Models can be graphic or descriptive.

34. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster 2X2 Matrix The 2X2 Matrix is an example of a descriptive and analytical model. The 2X2 Matrix is an example of a descriptive and analytical model. Laws against murder Conditions of Parole State Traffic regulations City Parking Ordinances

35. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Decomposition Analysis Breaking down a complex problem into smaller parts. Breaking down a complex problem into smaller parts. View relationship of the parts to each others View relationship of the parts to each others View relationship of parts to the whole View relationship of parts to the whole View the relationship of parts to things external to the policy View the relationship of parts to things external to the policy

36. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Forecasting / Futures Analysis Predicting the future Sometimes based on the past Sometimes based on other variables that indicate a change is on the horizon Often involves if/then statements If this occurs, this will happen, etc.

37. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Ideological Analysis Policy approaches can be examined by political or ideological point of view. For instance: Policy approaches can be examined by political or ideological point of view. For instance: Conservative Conservative Liberal Liberal Radical Radical Alternative Alternative

38. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Point of View Analysis For criminal justice policy, this would be an analysis based on criminological theory point of view. Essentially, how would a policy response change by the application of a different criminological theory For criminal justice policy, this would be an analysis based on criminological theory point of view. Essentially, how would a policy response change by the application of a different criminological theory

39. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster References International Fund for Agricultural Development, www.ifad.org International Fund for Agricultural Development, www.ifad.orgwww.ifad.org

40. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Public PolicyPublic Policy and Practice in Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Public PolicyCriminal Justice Explore Forensic Science at Forensic ScienceForensic Sciencewww.forensicprofiles.com