1. Chapter 1 The Concept of Sports Injury

2. In the United States, 6.7 million public high school children are involved in sports activities annually. Sports Participation © Ilene MacDonald/Alamy Images

3. Since its passing, female sports participation increased by 700%. Research indicates injuries are sports specific, NOT gender specific. Title IX Education Assistance Act of 1972 © Shawn Pecor/ShutterStock, Inc.

4. According to a Pennsylvania study, rates of athletic injuries among of high school students were: Football – 46.7% Boys’ basketball – 10% Wrestling – 9.68% Girls basketball – 7.5% General Injury Data © Photos.com

5. General Injury Data (continued) In a two-year study of a community sports program, children participating in soccer had the highest rate of injury, followed by baseball, football, and softball. were the most common injury.

6. There is no universally acceptable definition. The majority of today’s definitions use “time lost” criteria as the major determinant. Definition of Sports Injury

7. NCAA Definition of Sports Injury Sports Injury: Occurs as a result of participation in organized intercollegiate practice or game. Requires medical attention by a team athletic trainer or physician. Results in restriction of athlete’s participation for one or more days after the injury.

8. Acute Injuries Acute Injury – _______*_____________ Acute injuries typically involve significant trauma followed by pain, swelling, and loss of function. ___*___– “magnitude of a single force for which the anatomical structure of interest is damaged”

9. Chronic Injuries Chronic Injury – “_____*_________________” Chronic injuries ____*_______and are often associated with repetitive, cyclic activities, such as running. These injuries are commonly called “__*________.” Common sites include the Achilles tendon, patellar tendon, and the rotator cuff.

10. Overuse Injuries Overuse injuries may be caused by: 1._____*_______– immature cartilage, lack of flexibility, lack of proper conditioning, psychological factors. 2._____*_________– excessive training, lack of adequate recovery, incorrect technique, playing on uneven or hard surfaces

11. Soft Tissues ____*____ Fascia ____*_____ Joint capsules ____*_____ Blood vessels ____*_____ Types of Tissues Skeletal Tissue Any bony structure in the body

12. Catastrophic Injury Catastrophic Injuries: Involve damage to the ___*___ and/or ____*______. Can be life threatening or cause permanent damage. Can occur as a direct or indirect result of sports participation.

13. Injury Classifications Sprains _____*__________. First-degree: ____*____with little/no swelling _____*______: ligament damage, pain, moderate swelling, and dysfunction ___*________: ____*_______of ligament(s), pain, swelling, dysfunction leading to a loss of stability

14. Injury Classifications __*______ are injuries to tendons, muscles, or musculotendinous junctions. First-degree strain: mild with little/no swelling, pain noticeable with use Second-degree strain: more extensive soft- tissue damage, pain, and moderate loss of function Third-degree strain: ____*______, significant swelling, loss of function, and possible defect in muscle

15. Injury Classifications Contusions are commonly referred to as “__*_____.” Result from direct blows to the body surface, causing a compression of the underlying tissue Contusions are associated with pain, stiffness, swelling, ecchymosis, and hematoma May result in myositis ossificans – a _____*__ ____*_____ within the muscle tissue

16. Myositis Ossificans A bonelike formation within the muscle tissue (calcium deposits) Can develop if a ___*_____ is not treated properly Most common in the quadriceps muscle

17. Skeletal Tissue Injuries Fractures are ___*___ or ___*___ in a bone. Types of Fractures Closed Open Stress Salter-Harris

18. Closed Fractures Bone ends _________*_________

19. Open Fractures ___*____________ Potentially more serious ___*________

20. Fracture Classifications __*_____ – a fracture in which one side of the bone is fractured, and the other is bent Transverse – a fracture that is at a right angle to the bone’s long axis ___*_____ – a fracture that is diagonal to the bone’s long axis Spiral - a fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted Comminuted – a fracture in which the bone has ______*______ Impacted – a fracture caused when bone fragments have been driven into each other Segmental – a fracture in two parts of the same bone Avusled – a fracture in which a tendon has __*___a piece of __*__

21. Fracture Classifications

22. Stress Fractures Occur when the bone is subjected to repeated episodes of overloading (stress) that exceed its rate of recovery Initial x-rays might not show a fracture

23. Salter Harris Fractures Unique to ___*______ athletes A fracture that involves the epiphyseal _______*_________ Classified based on the specific location of the fracture line across the epiphyseal region of the bone

24. Salter Harris Fractures Type I -complete separation of the epiphysis from the metaphysis Type II -separation of the epiphysis from the metaphysis as well as a fracture through the small part of the metaphysis

25. Salter Harris Fractures Type III – involves a fracture of the epiphysis Type IV – involves a fracture of both the epiphysis and metaphysis

26. Salter Harris Fractures Type V – involves a crushing injury of the epiphysis without displacement Metaphysis – the growing portion of a long bone Epiphysis – cartilaginous growth region of a bone

27. Dislocations Dislocation – “ ________*___________” ___*_______: partial displacement Luxation: complete displacement All dislocations should be diagnosed and treated by a physician.

28. Dislocations

29. Injury Recognition Coach’s role: Coaches are most often the first to arrive at the scene of an injury. Treat all possible injuries as such until proven otherwise. Recognize and determine if the injury requires medical referral. Schools or sponsoring agencies should make every effort to hire a BOC-Certified Athletic Trainer.

30. Epidemiology of Sports Injuries Epidemiology – “study of the distribution of diseases, injuries, or other health states in human populations for the purpose of identifying and implementing measures to prevent their development and spread” Scientific sports injury research is a relatively recent trend.

31. Epidemiology of Sports Injuries Sports injury epidemiology involves determining risk factors that may play a causative role in the injury. Hypotheses are developed to test for statistical relationships between risk factors and injury.

32. American Academy of Pediatrics has developed categories of sports based on risk of injury. Contact/collision Limited contact/impact Non-contact Classification of Sports

33. UIL Classification of Sports – a sport in which the athlete uses his/her body to deter or punish opponents – a sport in which some physical contact may occur – a sport in which athletes are not expected to be involved in any physical contact

34. Extent of Injuries: Tackle Football 25.5 injuries for every 100 players with the highest rate of injury occurring during games. Game injury rates were double the rates seen in practice. Hip, thigh, and leg regions injured most often. 2.4% of injuries required surgery, and of those 59.4% involved the knee.

35. Extent of Injuries: Tackle Football Contusions, strains, sprains, and fractures are common injuries. Offensive players have higher risk than defensive players. Older players have higher risk than younger ones. Spinal cord and brain injuries are a major concern.

36. Ankle sprains are the most common injury in both sexes. Girls have higher risk of knee injuries than boys and are more likely to require surgery. The rate of ACL injury during games was 3 times higher for women than men. Extent of Injuries: Basketball © Photodisc

37. In 2004, over 450,000 high school boys participated. Nearly 12% sustained injuries. Forearm/wrist/hand or shoulder/arm were often injured. Of these injuries, most were strains or sprains. Extent of Injuries: Baseball © Peter Weber/ShutterStock, Inc.

38. Extent of Injuries: Baseball Children between the ages 5 and 14 have increased vulnerability to chest impact injuries from balls. – Chronic elbow injuries are a concern for adolescent pitchers. -Sidearm pitching presents the greatest risk for elbow problems.

39. In 2004, there were over 240,000 high school participants. About 27% sustained injuries. Collisions with opponents and mats, and takedown and escape maneuvers resulted in various injuries. Extent of Injuries: Wrestling © Digital Vision/Getty Images

40. Shoulder/arm, knee, and forearm/wrist/hand were injured most often. Most of these injuries were strains & sprains. Friction burns, skin infections, weight management, and “ ” are also common issues. Extent of Injuries: Wrestling

41. Extent of Injuries: Volleyball During 2004, nearly 400,000 high school girls participated. Nearly 15% suffered injury, mostly sprains. Ankle/foot region is most often injured.

42. In the United States, there are 14 million participants under 18 years of age. During the 2002 season almost: 340,000 high school boys participated. 300,000 high school girls participated. Extent of Injuries: Soccer

43. Extent of Injuries: Soccer (cont.) Contusions are the most common injury. The majority of injuries are in the lower extremity – accounting for about 60% of total injuries. Female athletes have a higher ratio of knee, specifically ACL, injuries than male athletes. Research has shown that the majority of head injuries result from collisions not intentional heading. Improperly constructed, movable soccer goals have been involved in a number of severe injuries and deaths.