1. Parenting Styles and Outcomes
Thought:
We know that the way children are parented when they are young influences the type of people they become. How? Why?

3. Impact of Parents
How we are parented affects all other aspects of social development
We pick better friends with better parenting
We are less impacted by negative media with better parenting

4. Match Responsive to children's’ needs.
Indifferent to children, ignore them
Reject their children
Critical, derogatory, dissatisfied with their children.
Warm, understanding and accepting.
Hostile and antisocial
Poor self-control, difficulty with social interactions when teenagers.
Compliant with parent’s wishes
Happy and friendly
Dissatisfied with themselves.

5. Matching Key Responsive to children's’ needs.
Indifferent to children, ignore them
Reject their children
Critical, derogatory, dissatisfied with their children.
Warm, understanding and accepting.
Hostile and antisocial
Poor self-control, difficulty with social interactions when teenagers.
Compliant with parent’s wishes
Happy and friendly
Dissatisfied with themselves.

6. Types of Parenting Styles and Outcomes
Most parents can be classified into four main types by the style in which they guide their children.

7. 1. Authoritarian: Limits without Freedom.
Parents’ word is law, parents have absolute control.
Misconduct is punished
Affection and praise are rarely given
Parents try to control children’s behavior and attitudes
They value unquestioned obedience
Children are told what to do, how to do it, and where to do it, and when to do it.

8. Outcomes of Authoritarian Style
Obedient
Distrustful
Discontent
Withdrawn
Unhappy
Hostile
Not High Achievers
Often Rebel
Control from parent creates a dependent child
Children can’t make their own decisions about behavior

9. 2. Permissive: Freedom without limits.
Parents allow their children to do their own thing
Little respect for order and routine
Parents make few demands on children
Discipline is lax
Parents are resources rather than standard makers
Rarely punish
Non-controlling, non-demanding
Usually warm
Children walk all over the parents

10. Outcome of Permissive Parenting
Aggressive
Least self-reliant
Least self-controlled
Least exploratory
Most unhappy
Children cant make good decisions because of lack of guidance

11. 3. Authoritative: Freedom within limits.
Middle ground
Stress freedom along with rights of others and responsibilities of all
Parents set limits and enforce rules
Willing to listen receptively to child’s requests and questions.
Both love and limits
Children contribute to discussion of issues and make some of their own decisions
Exert firm control when necessary, but explain reasoning behind it.
Respect children’s interests, opinions, unique personalities.
Loving, consistent, demanding
Combine control with encouragement
Reasonable expectations and realistic standards.

12. Outcomes of Authoritative Style
Happy
Mostly self-reliant
Mostly self-controlled
Content, friendly, generous
Cooperative
High-achiever
Less likely to be seriously disruptive or delinquent
Parent expectations lead children to set goals
Satisfaction and accomplishment is felt when goals are met

13. 4.Uninvolved Non-responsive - Without demand
Few demands
Low responsiveness
Little communication
Detached from children’s lives
Possible neglect and rejection

14. Outcome of Uninvolved Style
Lack self-control Low self-esteem Less competent than their peers

15. Ways to foster a child's self-esteem:
Provide more successes than failures for the child.
Give lots of encouragement.
Give them freedom to fail with acceptance.
Allow independence.
Give unconditional love.
Do not set standards unreasonably high.
Avoid ridicule.
Eliminate the negative.

16. Ways to foster a child's self-esteem.
Be available.
Be a good role model.
Give your children responsibility
Help your child develop talents
Take their ideas, emotions and feelings seriously.
Set Limits
Allow exploration and encourage questions.

17. Assignment: Building Self-esteem
In each of the situations, what would you say or do to build a child’s self-esteem?

18. Tommy is throwing a ball in the living room and knocks over a lamp.
Nicole is throwing sand at the other kids in the sand pile.
Your three children are bickering in the backseat while you are driving on the interstate.
Jerry, eating in a restaurant with you, creates a disturbance and humiliates you by belching and giggling loudly.
Amy keeps forgetting to take her lunch money to school. You are always having to remind her to do it or take it to her at school.
Jon won’t come in the house when you call him for dinner.
Heather takes her brother’s money from his piggybank and spends it.
Your teenager keeps the car out past the agreed time.
Jocelyn refuses to do her homework.
Craig leaves his dirty clothes on the floor instead of putting them in the hamper where they are supposed to go.

19. Cold or Warm ? Permissive or Strict?
Strict Cold
demanding
possessive
controlling
dictatorial
antagonistic
Strict Warm
supportive
protective
affectionate
flexible
caring

20. Permissive Cold Permissive Warm
neglecting
Indifferent
careless
negligent
detached
lenient
democratic
inconsistent
overindulgent

21. Schaefer: Autonomy-Control Hostility-Love
Love-Autonomy (democratic)-independent, outgoing, assertive, self-controlled, high self-esteem
Love-Control (protective)-dependent, submissive, insecure, lower self esteem
Hostility-Autonomy (indifferent)-hostile, aggressive, delinquent, low self-esteem
Hostility-Control (dictatorial)-withdrawn, sullen, self-punishing, low self-esteem

22. Other Family Factors
Birth Order - The psychologist Alfred Adler, and others, feel that birth order is related to specific characteristics.
First Borns- have advantages, such as being more important to parents, not having to share family resources, and a richer intellectual environment.
Middle Children- have lower self-esteem because they have a less defined role in the family.
Youngest Children- get special attention, and have better social skills because of practice with siblings.

23. Family Factors Continued
Richman's Opinion - Evidence for these ideas is very weak and highly exaggerated. It is more likely that the "dynamics within the family at the time" (e.g., status and financial situation) are much more of an influence than birth order per se.”
Number of Siblings- It is true that the bigger the family is, the more its resources are "diluted" or spread out Smaller families do tend to have higher academic achievement.

24. Peer relationships
Peer Relationships- are at least as important as family relationships.
Some suggest that peers play more of a role in shaping personality than do parents.

25. Early Childhood & Pre school Peer Relations
Playing is the primary social behavior of pre-school aged children
Children should progress through three styles/stages of play

26. 1. Solitary Play playing alone about to the age of 1.5
no real interest in other kids of the same age
SELF- ABSORBED PLAY

27. 2. Parallel Play
kids play side by side, doing the same things, but not interacting
1.5 to 3
imitation becomes a game at about 2
2.5 kids begin to communicate with their playmates
play becomes imaginative

28. Cooperative Play Ages 3 to 4 play becomes cooperative -play games
-interactive play
-sibling relationships important

29. Peer Interaction
Peer Status- how the child is perceived and treated by his peers. A great deal of research has sub-typed children according to peer status.

30. Popular
Children share many attributes such as positive self-image, high intelligence, and superior social skills. However, most important are physical prowess in boys and attractiveness in girls

31. Average
Average

32. Unpopular
Children may be so for a variety of reasons: self-centered, anxious, impulsive, hostile, aggressive, lower IQ, poor self concept, physical characteristics.
Unpopular children may fall into one or more of the following categories:

33. Peer Neglected
Children are sort of "invisible." They are not actively liked or disliked and nobody pays much attention to them.

34. Peer Rejected Children are actually disliked by most of their peers.
They generally have poor social skills but much of their rejection may be beyond their control.
They may be overweight, unattractive, un-athletic, etc.

35. Aggressive
Children or "bullies" have always existed. They prey on weaker children both for enhancement of their egos and for more practical reasons such as money.

36. Victimized
Active victims - are provocative and seem to bring trouble to themselves through bad judgment and lack of social skills.
Passive victims - are NOT provocative. They just seem to exude a vulnerability that causes bullies, and others, to dislike and take advantage of them.