2. Conventional Left Account turning-point of recent U.S. economic history: rise of neoliberalism in early 1980s workers’ share of income, and real pay, declined causing the rate of profit to rebound so the economy could have grown rapidly, if the extra profit had been invested in production

3. But financialization occurred: profit diverted from productive investment toward financial speculation so slow economic growth rising debt burdens setting stage for financial crisis and Great Recession

4. Yet I found: the turning-point was the 1970s – before the rise of neoliberalism the rate of profit never recovered from the fall of the late 1970s and early 1980s the rate of accumulation fell because the rate of profit fell, not because of diversion of profit from investment in production workers’ share of income has been stable, and their real compensation has risen, during the last 40 years.

5. rate of rate accum- econ- of ulation omic profit (productive growth investment) gov’t & Fed policies to counteract debt burdens debt crises, burst bubbles generation of profit  productive investment of profit

6. Rates of Profit, U.S. Corporations, 1929-2009 (profits as % of historical cost of fixed assets) net value added - compensation before-tax profit

7. U.S. Multinationals’ Rate of Profit on Foreign Direct Investment, 1982-2009 (profits as % of historical cost of fixed assets)

8. The Rate of Profit & the Rate of Accumulation, 1970-2009

9. % of After-Tax Profit Re-invested in Production, U.S. Corporations net value added – comp. net oper- ating surplus before- tax profits after- tax profits “Keynesianism”“neoliberalism”

10. Profit Share of U.S. Corporations’ Output, 1947-2009 [(net value added – comp.) as % of net value added]

11. Workers’ Share of U.S. National Income,, 1960-2009 [(net value added – comp.) as % of net value added]

13. Growth Rates, Avg. Annual, U.S. Corporations

14. Prospects more “kicking can down road” —papering over bad debt with more debt continued sluggishness, recurrent crises as debt mounts, U.S. & other gov’ts’ ability to restore confidence declines full-scale destruction of capital value new boom, or collapse, or revolution socialism

15. Solutions? emulate China? regulation? redistribution? debt forgiveness (jubilee)? nationalization / worker-management?

16. emulate China?

18. regulation? U.S. Savings & Loan Crisis (1980s)– caused by regulation (and inflation that Keynesian policies couldn’t stop) regulations always “fight the last war”

19. “These new regulations will fundamentally change the way we get around them.”

20. Joseph Stiglitz (2008): “The ingenuity of those in the financial markets is impressive. Eventually, they will figure out how to circumvent whatever regulations are imposed. But these reforms will make another crisis of this kind less likely, and … less severe.” Ben Bernanke (2010): “ We should not imagine, though, that it is possible to prevent all crises.”

21. redistribution? “share the wealth” struggles face strict limits the wealth has not been there to share even worse problem now struggles to protect & enhance standard of living can succeed but they will cause profitability to fall further, making the system even less stable & more prone to severe crises and recessions working peoples’ fights to protect their standard of living help them but hurt the capitalist economy

22. debt forgiveness (jubilee)? Will lenders keep lending after that – at same interest rates? Or – if at all – only at much higher interest rates that reflect the risk of debt forgiveness? major slowdown in economic growth, employment, etc.

23. nationalization / worker-management? Fred Moseley: “nationalization of banks … could be an important step on the road to socialism. … government banks [would] pursue important public policy objectives, rather than profit maximization.” Rick Wolff: “workers who also served on their own boards of directors would make different decisions …. [Their] well-being … would displace individual enterprise profits … as the prevailing objective.”

24. BUT … A state-run (worker-run) bank is still a bank It has to obtain funds before it can lend them out So it must provide a decent return to those who supply it with funds otherwise, they won’t supply it with funds, and it won’t survive

25. So its investment decisions CANNOT be based on workers’ well-being or public policy objectives It must try to maximize profit, just like every other bank So “the workers in association become their own capitalist” (Marx) – they exploiting themselves “

26. In a capitalist system, cutting costs is the key to survival, including survival of workers’ co-operatives Jobs & income for unneeded workers: costly Produce for need instead of profit: costly Environmental control: costly Workplace safety: costly

27. Putting different people in “control” does not undo the inner laws of capital The inner laws of capital are what must be undone. But what exactly is needed in order to undo them and have a viable & emancipatory socialism?