1. Synthetically Engineered Artemisinin Lianne Ryan

2. Statistics of Malaria ✴ 200-300 Million people are effected each year ✴ 45% of the population is at risk, 95 countries ✴ ~1 million people die each year ✴ Africa represents 81% of the people effected by malaria and 90% of the deaths ✴ Africa accounts for 12% of the population ✴ Children under the age of 5 and pregnant mothers living in Sub-Saharan Africa (sub tropical climate)

3. Map of Malaria Sub- Saharan Africa South East Asia South America

4. ✴ Five types of the protozoan parasites under the genus Plasmodium Plasmodium Parasite 4) P. Falciparum 2) P. Vivax 3) P. Ovale 1) P. Malariae 5) P. Knowlesi (Found worldwide) (Newest) (Mostly found in Asia and Latin America) (Mostly found in the islands of the Western Pacific) (Called benign malaria)

5. Discovery of Artemisinin ✴ Distilled from dried leaves ✴ Discovered in the 4th century CE by Chinese physicians ✴ Used for its antipyretic properties ✴ Called it qinghaosu

6. Foundation ✴ Sesquiterpene lactone which is a compound made up of three isoprene units that are bound to cyclic organic esters ✴ Effective against most plasmodium parasites

7. Artesunate ✴ Artesunate is a semi- synthetic derivative ✴ Injected intravenously, water soluble ✴ Used in severe cases where high levels of the parasite is found in the blood

8. Artemisinin ✴ Administered orally, intramuscularly or as a suppository ✴ Used in combination with other anti-malarial drugs ✴ ACT’s (Artemisinin-based combination therapy) ✴ Prevent plasmodium parasites from developing a resistance to a particular drug/ Prevent disease relapse Artesunate- mefloquine Artemether- lumefantrine Artesunate- amodiaquine

9. Targeting the Parasite ✴ Able to target the parasite at the schizont stage ✴ Schizont stage contains insoluble iron ✴ Comes after the parasite develops into a sporozoite ✴ Contains a peroxide group that is able to react with hemozoin to produce radicals that attack parasite’s proteins

10. Plasmodium Parasite

11. Groups working with Artemisinin ✴ Amyris started the Artemisinin Project to provide affordable ACT’s to developing countries ✴ Used synbio to create microbial strains that produce artemisinic acid (precursor) ✴ Create Artemisinic Acid-producing yeast strains to Sanofi (royalty-free basis) ✴ Amyris is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation via OneWorld Health (PATH’s Drug Development Program)

12. Groups working with Artemisinin

13. Work Cited Amyris. "The Malaria Project." Amyris. Amyris, n.d. Web. 24 July 2015..https://amyris.com/collaborations/artemisinin/ "The Global Malaria Epidemic." U.S. Global Health Policy. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, n.d. Web. 24 July 2015...com/2012/10/7882-04-2.pdf>. John, Chandy C. Clinical Malaria. UniversitJohn, Chandy C. Clinical Malaria. University: U of Minnesota Medical School, n.d. Print. Division of Global Pediatrics. Kramer, Dan. "Artemisinin: A Synthetic Biology Success Story." Scitable. Nature Education, 23 June 2011. Web. 24 July 2015.. "Malaria." Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 July 2015.. Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 July 2015. <http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We "Malaria." CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 9 Nov. 2012. Web. 24 July 2015..>. Rogers, Kara. "Artemisinin." Encylopaedia Britannica. EncyloRogers, Kara. "Artemisinin." Encylopaedia Britannica. Encylopaedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 24 July 2015.. Vyas, Jatin M., ed. "Malaria." MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 19 May 2013. Web. 24 July 2015..f Medicine, 19 May 2013. Web. 24 July 201 White, Nick. Artemisinin therapy for malaria by Professor Nick White. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 July 2015.., n.d. Web. 24 July 2015. <https://www.youtub