2. Astronomy

3. Chapter Eighteen: Earth, the Moon, and the Sun 18.1 The Earth and Its Moon 18.2 Earth Cycles 18.3 The Sun

4. 18.1 Earth’s shape and orbit Since the invention of spacecraft, our knowledge of Earth and the Moon has grown tremendously. Earth’s shape is almost spherical except for a slight bulge at the equator.

5. 18.1 Earth’s orbit The Sun is not at the center of Earth’s orbit. Because of this, the distance from Earth to the Sun changes as Earth revolves.

7. 18.1 Comparing the Earth and the Moon The Moon is about one quarter the size of Earth and its mass is 7.3 × 10 22 kg. Because of the Moon’s small mass, its gravity does not attract an atmosphere.

8. 18.1 The moon Earth’s single rocky moon is about one- quarter the diameter of Earth. At a distance of 385,000 kilometers, the moon is about 30 Earth diameters away from the planet, completing one orbit every 29 days.

9. 18.1 The Moon’s orbit The same side of the moon faces Earth at all times. This does not mean that the Moon does not rotate. It rotates much more slowly than Earth.

10. 18.1 Where did the moon come from? Before the Apollo landings that began in 1969, there were three main theories. 1.The Moon split off Earth. 2.The Moon formed somewhere else. 3.The Moon and Earth were formed together. What evidence did Apollo moon rocks supply?

11. How the moon was formed Apollo discoveries gave rise to the giant impact theory that is widely accepted today.

12. 18.1 Surface features of the moon Craters are large, round pits that cover much of the Moon’s surface.

13. 18.1 Surface features of the moon Brighter areas are called highlands because they are higher in elevation. Maria are low, dry areas that were flooded with molten lava billions of years ago.

14. 18.1 Tides The daily cycle of rising and falling ocean levels is called a tide. If the Moon passes overhead once every 24 hrs., you would expect the tide to rise only once. As Earth revolves around the common center of mass, the ocean on the opposite side from the Moon is “flung outward” a little every 12 hrs.