1. Property of Lear Siegler 1

2. 2

3. PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE 3

4. Property of Lear Siegler TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the completion of this lesson, the student will: ACTION: Demonstrate an understanding of the atmosphere’s physical properties and their impact on the operation of the TH-67 pressure instruments. CONDITION: In a classroom environment given information on the pressure instruments and the atmosphere. STANDARD: Answer questions pertaining to the atmosphere’s physical properties and their impact on the operation of the TH-67 pressure instruments. Receive a “GO” by correctly answering the required number of questions on criterion referenced examination 011-0050. 4

5. A: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the characteristics of the standard atmosphere Condition: Given information about the standard atmosphere Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 and FAA-H-8083-25A, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. Property of Lear Siegler 5

6. The “Standard Atmosphere” “A hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density which by international or national agreement is taken to be representative of the atmosphere for the purpose of altimeter calibrations, aircraft design, performance calculations, etc.” Property of Lear Siegler 6

7. 29.92” Property of Lear Siegler 53,000 18,000 Sea Level 50% 90% Sea Level 7

8. MSL 29.92”Hg 1000’ 28.92”Hg 2000’ 27.92”Hg 3000’ 26.92”Hg 4000’ 25.92”Hg 5000’ 24.92”Hg Standard Pressure Lapse Rate 1” Hg per 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler 7500’ 22.42”Hg 8

9. MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C Standard Temp Lapse Rate 2°C per 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler 7500’ 0°C 9

10. 29.92”Hg 15°C AIR DENSITY 29.92”Hg 15°C 28.92”Hg 15°C 29.92”Hg 23°C Property of Lear Siegler 10

11. Mean Sea Level (MSL) MSL 29.92”Hg 15°C 1000’ 28.92”Hg 13°C 2000’ 27.92”Hg 11°C 3000’ 26.92”Hg 9°C 4000’ 25.92”Hg 7°C 5000’ 24.92”Hg 5°C 7500’ 22.42”Hg 0°C Property of Lear Siegler 11

12. AIR DENSITY Press Hum Temp GoodBad H L L L H H 12

13. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 13

14. B: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the pressures used in the pitot static system Condition: Given information about the pitot static system pressures Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 14

15. Weight of a column of air Static Pressure -- Impact Pressure -- Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler Dynamic Pressure – Additional pressure caused by aircraft in motion 15

16. Stagnation point Property of Lear Siegler 16

17. Static pressure only Impact pressure = Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler Note: Impact = Ram = Total = Pitot Pressure 17

18. Impact pressure = Property of Lear Siegler Static pressure only Static + Dynamic 18

19. LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler HEATER Construction of the Pitot System 19

20. Construction of the Pitot System Notice that the Pitot Tube goes only to airspeed indicator! The Static Pressure is vented to all three instruments. 20

21. Construction of the Pitot System The diaphragm in the Airspeed Indicator is connected to the Pitot Tube. It only senses Pitot Pressure. The case is vented to Static Pressure. 21

22. Construction of the Pitot System The diaphragm in the Vertical Speed Indicator is vented to Static Pressure. The case is vented to Static Pressure through a calibrated leak. 22

23. Construction of the Pitot System The aneroids in the Altimeter are sealed. The case is vented to Static Pressure. 23

24. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 24

25. C: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the operational characteristics of the airspeed indicator Condition: Given information about the airspeed indicator Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 25

26. AIRSPEED INDICATOR Property of Lear Siegler 26

27. LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 27

28. STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler 28

29. Property of Lear Siegler 29

30. Impact pressure = Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler 30

31. Impact pressure = Static + Density x Velocity  Impact pressure = Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler 31

32. Property of Lear Siegler ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 32

33. D: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the uses of the airspeed indicator Condition: Given information on the uses of the airspeed indicator Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 33

34. Uses for the airspeed indicator Property of Lear Siegler 1: Keep aircraft within “Never Exceed Speed" 2: Determine best operational speed for best climb, best endurance, and best range 3: Determine rate of movement for navigation 4: Aircraft attitude Airspeed fast-Pitch attitude low Airspeed low-Pitch attitude high 34

35. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 35

36. E: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the errors associated with the airspeed indicator Condition: Given information about airspeed indicator errors Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 36

37. ERRORS Instrument Error – Minor, caused by friction Property of Lear Siegler Installation Error – Caused by misalignment of the pitot tube and/or the static vents with the relative wind Density Error – Caused by changes in air density 37

38. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 38

39. F: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the types of airspeed Condition: Given information about types of airspeed Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 39

40. Types of Airspeed TAS – True Airspeed - Calibrated Airspeed corrected for density error CAS – Calibrated Airspeed – I ndicated Airspeed corrected for installation error Property of Lear Siegler IAS – Indicated Airspeed – read from the airspeed indicator 40

41. Estimating True Airspeed True Air Speed (TAS) increases over Indicated Air Speed (IAS) at the rate of two percent per thousand feet “Aircraft climbing at a constant IAS will be increasing its velocity or TAS because of decreasing air density.” FM 3-04.203 REMEMBER… True airspeed will always be more than IAS with altitude! Property of Lear Siegler 41

42. Property of Lear Siegler TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS) IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE, THEREFORE, CALIBRATED AIRSPEED (CAS) IS LESS THAN TAS. 42

43. Property of Lear Siegler CAS IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE, THEREFORE, TAS IS MORE THAN CAS AT ANY ALTITUDE ABOVE ZERO FEET DENSITY ALTITUDE. 43

44. Property of Lear Siegler 44

45. Airspeed Indicator in Review… Property of Lear Siegler Can you identify the pressures used, the errors and the types of airspeed? 45

46. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 46

47. G: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the operational characteristics of the vertical speed indicator Condition: Given information about the operation of the vertical speed indicator Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 47

48. Vertical Speed Indicator Property of Lear Siegler 48

49. LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 49

50. PITOT TUBE STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 50

51. Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 51

52. Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 52

53. Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 53

54. Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 54

55. Vertical Speed Indicator Property of Lear Siegler 55

56. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 56

57. H: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the uses of the vertical speed indicator Condition: Given information about the uses of the vertical speed indicator Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 57

58. Uses of the vertical speed indicator Property of Lear Siegler 1: Determine rate of climb or descent 2: Trend instrument-shows attitude changes immediately when in level flight 58

59. Vertical Speed Indicator Preflight Check Property of Lear Siegler 59

60. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 60

61. I: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the errors associated with use of the vertical speed indicator Condition: Given information about vertical speed indicator errors Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 61

62. Errors of the vertical speed indicator Property of Lear Siegler 1: Six to nine second lag when leveling off from a climb or descent caused by the calibrated leak 62

63. Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 63

64. Property of Lear Siegler CalibratedLeak 64

65. Errors of the vertical speed indicator Property of Lear Siegler 1: Six to nine second lag when leveling off from a climb or descent caused by the calibrated leak 2: Erratic in rough air 65

66. Vertical Speed Indicator in Review… Property of Lear Siegler Can you identify the pressures used, the errors and preflight procedures ? 66

67. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 67

68. Vertical Speed Indicator - Identify the pressures used and the errors. Property of Lear Siegler 68

69. J: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the operational characteristics of the altimeter Condition: Given information about the operational characteristics of the altimeter Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 69

70. ALTIMETER Property of Lear Siegler 70

71. ELO #5. ALTIMETER Identify the pressures used, purpose of the Kollsman window and the amount of error present with an incorrect Kollsman setting, and the use of the altimeter Property of Lear Siegler 71

72. LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 72

73. PITOT TUBE STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler 73

74. Property of Lear Siegler Aneroid wafers sealed at factory 74

75. Dial – three pointers How to Read 75

76. 10,000’ Indicator Tick marks in increments of 2000’ 76

77. 1,000’ Indicator Tick marks in increments of 200’ 77

78. 100’ Indicator Tick marks in increments of 20’ 78

79. 1,040’ 79

80. 8,000’ 80

81. 18,980’ 81

82. Questions? Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 82

83. Kollsman window – corrects for atmospheric pressure changes 28.00”Hg to 31.00”Hg 83

84. Set field elevation ATIS – “Altimeter setting three zero two four” 84

85. 1”Hg change = 1000’change in altitude.10”Hg change = 100’ change in altitude.01”Hg change = 10’ change in altitude 85

86. AIMS Counter Drum Pointer ATC Radar Beacon System Identification Friend or Foe MARK 12 SYSTEM 86

87. 87

88. Property of Lear Siegler 88

89. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 89

90. K: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the uses of the altimeter Condition: Given information about the uses of the altimeter Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 90

91. Uses of the altimeter Property of Lear Siegler Terrain clearance – MEF & OROCA Vertical separation – Hemispherical Rule Attitude control – Instrument Flying 91

92. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 92

93. L: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the types of altitude Condition: Given information about the types of altitude Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 93

94. Identify the types of altitude a. Indicated b. True c. Absolute d. Pressure (PA) e. Density (DA) Property of Lear Siegler 94

95. Indicated Altitude Read from instrument with correctly set Kollsman window (sea level pressure). Property of Lear Siegler 95

96. True Altitude – Altitude above Mean Sea level MSL 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler 96

97. MSL Absolute Altitude – Altitude above the surface (AGL) Property of Lear Siegler 97

98. MSL Pressure Altitude (PA) – Altitude above the standard datum plane 29.92 Standard datum plane 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler 98

99. MSL 29.92 Standard datum plane Standard Day True Altitude Pressure Altitude = 1000’ Pressure Altitude Property of Lear Siegler 99

100. MSL True Altitude 29.92 Standard datum plane 30.26 1000’ Pressure Altitude 660’ Pressure Altitude Indicated Altitude Property of Lear Siegler 100

101. Mean Sea Level (MSL) MSL 29.92”Hg 15°C 1000’ 28.92”Hg 13°C 2000’ 27.92”Hg 11°C 3000’ 26.92”Hg 9°C 4000’ 25.92”Hg 7°C 5000’ 24.92”Hg 5°C 7500’ 22.42”Hg 0°C Property of Lear Siegler 101

102. Max torque available, max gross weight,and performance are all affected by Density Altitude Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING Density Altitude (DA) : Is the density corresponding to a given altitude in a standard atmosphere. 102

103. Density Altitude (DA) : Pressure Altitude corrected for non standard temperature Property of Lear Siegler DA = PA + (120 T v ) PA = Pressure Altitude T v = Temperature Variation 103

104. Mean Sea Level (MSL) MSL 29.92”Hg 15°C 1000’ 28.92”Hg 13°C 2000’ 27.92”Hg 11°C 3000’ 26.92”Hg 9°C 4000’ 25.92”Hg 7°C 5000’ 24.92”Hg 5°C 7500’ 22.42”Hg 0°C Property of Lear Siegler 104

105. 29.92”Hg 15°C 29.92”Hg 32°C MSL 2040’ PA Property of Lear Siegler 105

106. 29.92”Hg 15°C 29.92”Hg 32°C MSL 2040’ Property of Lear Siegler 106

107. 29.92”Hg 32°C29.92”Hg 15°C MSL Tv of 17° = { } PA=2000’ Tv of 1° = 120’ 28°C 2040’ Property of Lear Siegler 11 o C DA = 4040’ 107

108. 29.92”Hg 32°C29.92”Hg 15°C MSL { } PA=2000’ 28°C 11°C DA = 4040’ Property of Lear Siegler 108

109. Property of Lear Siegler 109

110. PA = 0’ OAT = 36° DA = 2500’ Property of Lear Siegler 110

111. Property of Lear Siegler DA = PA + (120 Tv ) PA = Pressure Altitude Tv = Temperature Variation 111

112. 3. Determine Standard Temp for the PA 1. Determine PA PA = 1000’ 2. Determine OAT OAT = 14°C Stand Temp = 13°C Tv = OAT - Stand Temp Tv = OAT – Stand Temp Tv = 14° - 13° Tv = 1 o Tv = +1° 4. Determine Temp Variation (Tv ) DA = PA + (120 T v ) DA = 1000 + (120 X 1 ) DA = 1000 +120 DA = 1120’ MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Property of Lear Siegler 112

113. MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C PA = 3000’ OAT = 0°C Stand Temp = 9°C Tv = OAT - Stand Temp Tv = 0° - 9° Tv = -9° 2. Determine Temp Variation (Tv ) DA = PA + (120 T v ) 1. Determine Standard Temp for 3000’ DA = 3000’ + (120 X - 9 ) DA = 3000’ + (-1080 ) DA = 1920’ Property of Lear Siegler 113

114. MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C PA = 6000’ OAT = 5°C OAT is Higher than standard DA is Higher than PA Property of Lear Siegler 114

115. MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C PA = 4000’ OAT = 5°C OAT is Lower than standard DA is Lower than PA Property of Lear Siegler 115

116. MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C PA = 5000’ OAT = 5°C DA = PA +120’ Property of Lear Siegler One hour later OAT = 6°C 116

117. PA AND STAN TEMP HIGHER THAN STAN TEMP LOWER THAN STAN TEMP DA = PA + (120’ TV) DA HIGHER THAN PA DA LOWER THAN PA 117

118. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 118

119. M: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the errors associated with the use of the altimeter Condition: Given information about altimeter errors Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 119

120. Altimeter errors a. Instrument / Mechanical Error b. Pressure Error c. Temperature Error Property of Lear Siegler 120

121. MSL True Altitude 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler Instrument Error 1000’Field Elevation Caused by friction inside instrument 121

122. MSL True Altitude 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler Instrument Error 30.24 hg” “Altimeter three zero two four” 30.26 -30.24 =.02 = 20 foot error 1000’Field Elevation Maximum Error + / - 70 ft 122

123. Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error – caused when flying into areas that have different altimeter settings than those set in the Kollsman window. 123

124. TRUE ALT IND ALT Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error 124

125. Property of Lear Siegler H L I T 125

126. TRUE ALT IND ALT Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error 126

127. Property of Lear Siegler L H T I 127

128. Temperature Error MSL 1000’ Standard temp 29.92 28.92 29.92 28.92 Colder 29.92 28.92 Warmer Property of Lear Siegler 128

129. Temperature Error MSL 1000’ Standard temp 29.92 28.92 29.92 28.92 Colder 29.92 28.92 Warmer Property of Lear Siegler 129

130. TRUE ALT IND ALT Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error Standard temp 28.92 Warmer 29.92 28.92 Colder 130

131. 29.50 29.60 29.70 29.80 29.90 30.00 -.50 = 500’ 29.50 Standard ALT Reads 500’ True ALT 500’ ALT reads 500’ True Alt is LOW 29.50 29.60 29.70 29.80 29.90 Cold 30.00 -.50 = 500’ 29.50 ALT reads 500’ True ALT is HIGH True Altitude 500’ MSL 29.50 29.60 29.70 29.80 29.90 30.00 -.50 = 500’ 29.50 Hot MSL 131

132. Property of Lear Siegler 132

133. MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Indicated Altitude = 6000’ OAT = 20°C True Alt. is Higher than Indicated Property of Lear Siegler 133

134. MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Indicated Altitude = 4000’ OAT = 5°C True Altitude is lower than Indicated Property of Lear Siegler 134

135. MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Indicated Altitude = 5000’ OAT = 5°C Indicated Altitude = True altitude Property of Lear Siegler 135

136. IALT, STAN TEMP AND STAN PRESSURE HIGHER THAN STAN LOWER THAN STAN HIGH TO LOW, LOOK OUT BELOW, LOW TO HIGH, CLEAR THE SKY! TALT HIGHER THAN IALT TALT LOWER THAN IALT LOW TO HIGH TO LOW HIGH 136

137. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 137

138. N: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify pitot static system malfunctions Condition: Given information about pitot static system malfunctions Standard: IAW FM 3-04.240 Property of Lear Siegler 138

139. STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 139

140. STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 140

141. Property of Lear Siegler 141

142. STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 142

143. STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 143

144. Altimeter – No change in indication 144

145. VSI – Level off at zero 145

146. Property of Lear Siegler Airspeed Indicator – opposite of clogged pitot tube 146

147. STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler Pitot Static System Malfunctions 147

148. Property of Lear Siegler MMMMMMMMOVING 148

149. 149

150. 150

151. The end 151

152. STOP Abandon hope all ye who enter here You are entering the hidden slide Zone 152

153. 153

154. 154

155. 155

156. 0 C H 0 2 M N 2 4 8.2 GD TX 156 UHF vs. VHF Frequency Warm-up Time Range

157. 157

161. 161 Warm-up time Mode C Switch Code 1200 Lost Communications Code

162. LEFT PITOT TUBE RIGHT STATIC VENTS Property of Lear Siegler HEATER 162

163. Given Find Pressure Altitude & OAT Density Altitude (higher or lower than Pressure Altitude) Indicated Altitude & OAT True Altitude (higher or lower than Indicated) Pressure Altitude & OAT True Airspeed (higher or lower than Indicated Airspeed) Pressure Error higher or lower than Kollsman window setting True Altitude (higher or lower than Indicated) 163

164. Given Find Pressure Altitude & OAT Density Altitude (higher or lower than Pressure Altitude) 164

165. PA = 6000’ OAT = 5°C DA is Higher than PA Property of Lear Siegler Is the DA higher or lower than PA MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Standard temperatures 165

166. PA = 4000’ OAT = 5°C DA is lower than PA Property of Lear Siegler Is the DA higher or lower than PA MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Standard temperatures 166

167. Given Find Pressure Altitude & OAT True Airspeed (higher or lower than Indicated Airspeed) 167

168. Property of Lear Siegler CAS IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE, THEREFORE, TAS IS MORE THAN CAS AT ANY ALTITUDE ABOVE ZERO FEET DENSITY ALTITUDE. 168

169. Property of Lear Siegler 169

170. Given Find Indicated Altitude & OAT True Altitude (higher or lower than Indicated) 170

171. Temperature Error MSL 1000’ Standard temp 29.92 28.92 29.92 28.92 Colder 29.92 28.92 Warmer Property of Lear Siegler 171

172. Indicated Altitude = 6000’ OAT = 20°C True Alt. is Higher than Indicated Property of Lear Siegler MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Standard temperatures 172

173. Indicated Altitude = 4000’ OAT = 5°C True Altitude is lower than Indicated Property of Lear Siegler MSL 15°C 1000’ 13°C 2000’ 11°C 3000’ 9°C 4000’ 7°C 5000’ 5°C 6000’ 3°C Standard temperatures 173

174. Given Find Pressure Error higher or lower than Kollsman window setting True Altitude (higher or lower than Indicated) 174

175. TRUE ALT IND ALT Property of Lear Siegler Pressure Error 175

176. PA = 0’ OAT = 36° DA = 2500’ Property of Lear Siegler 176

177. Property of Lear Siegler 177

178. Property of Lear Siegler 178

179. Property of Lear Siegler 179

180. Property of Lear Siegler 180

181. 181

182. 182