1. GENETICS FINAL REVIEW PACKET
1. A Punnett square is shown below. The dominant
trait is represented by R. The recessive trait is
represented by r.
Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the diagram
below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram
shows how modern types of flowers developed from
early types of flowers over the last 75 million years.
What percentage of the offspring will most
likely show the dominant trait?
(1) 25% (3) 75%
(2) 50% (4) 100%
2. Naturally occurring variations within a species
are mainly the result of mutations and
(1) sexual reproduction
(2) dynamic equilibrium
(3) metabolism
(4) camouflage
6. What is the most likely reason why these early flowers gradually changed to many different types of flowers over time?
(1) The flowers’ traits were genetically engineered.
(2) The environments of the flowers stayed the same.
(3) The genetic material of the flowers stayed the same.
(4) The flowers adapted to environmental conditions.
7. Which process is represented in this diagram?
(1) evolution (3) selective breeding
(2) photosynthesis (4) ecological succession
3. Which term identifies a single unit of hereditary
information?
(1) egg cell (3) nucleus
(2) sperm cell (4) gene

2. The “G” gene is dominant.
4. What model is used to show the pattern of traits
that are passed from one generation to the next
in a family?
(1) pedigree chart
(2) dichotomous key
(3) energy pyramid
(4) line graph
5. What are genes composed of?
(1) offspring (3) cells
(2) DNA (4) traits
8. In humans, a trait can be determined by one pair
or many pairs of
(1) genes (3) cells
(2) microbes (4) organs
9. An organism is born with a genetic abnormality
not present in any of its ancestors. This abnormality
is most likely the result of
(1) circulation (3) mutation
(2) competition (4) respiration
Base your answers to questions 12 a & b on the
information and chart below and on your
knowledge of science.
10. The Punnett square below shows a cross
between a pea plant with green pods (GG) and
a pea plant with yellow pods (gg). All of the
offspring have green pods (Gg).
Explain why the offspring with Gg genes for
pod color look the same as a pea plant with GG
genes for pod color.
_______________________________________
12a. How many children did the original parents have?
____________
12b. What is the total number of children and grandchildren who are color-blind in this family? 4
The “G” gene is dominant. 2

3. 11. Pea plants can produce round or wrinkled
peas. The genes for round and wrinkled peas are:
R = round (dominant)
r = wrinkled (recessive)
Complete the Punnett Square below, which
shows a cross between a hybrid round-pea plant
(Rr) and a wrinkled-pea plant (rr).
13. A scientist crosses two different varieties of
corn to produce a single variety that has traits from
both parents. This technique is an example of
(1) competition (3) selective breeding
(2) natural selection (4) ecological succession   
14. Complete the Punnett square below, which
shows a cross between two parents whose genes
for blood type are AB.
R r
r r
R r
r r
A A
A B
A B
B B
15. Each body cell of a goldfish contains 94
chromosomes. How many chromosomes are
contained in a goldfish sex cell?
(1) (3) 94
(2) (4) 188
17. A research team wanted to produce a smaller
variety of German shepherd dogs. They mated the smallest dogs from different litters for several generations. This is an example of which concept?
(1) extinction (3) selective breeding
(2) mutation (4) natural selection
18. Many cells have a nucleus that contains
chromosomes. These chromosomes carry genes that
are composed of
(1) hormones (3) minerals & water
(2) DNA molecules (4) undigested food molecules
16. The drawing below represents a pair
of chromosomes.
The area labeled bands” shows the location of
(1) egg cells
(2) sperm cells
(3) reproductive
hormones
(4) specific genes

4. Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the information about blood groups below.
Human blood is classified into four blood types: A, B, AB, and O. An offspring’s blood type is determined
by genes passed on from the offspring’s parents. Each parent gives an offspring one gene for blood type.
The combination of the two genes determines the offspring’s blood type. There are three genes, A, B, and o,
that are responsible for the four blood types. The table below shows how these three genes interact to produce
the four blood types.
19. The Punnett square below shows the probability of blood types in the offspring of two parents. One parent’s blood type genes are AB and the other parent’s blood type genes are Ao.
20.Based on this Punnett square, identify the expected percentage of offspring in each of the four blood types.
Blood type A: _____%
Blood type AB: _____%
Blood type B: _____%
Blood type O: _____% 50 25 25

5. This is an example of the human activity called
21. The illustration below traces the development of the corgi dog over several generations as a result of human activity.
This is an example of the human activity called
(1) Mutation (3) selective breeding
(2) genetic engineering (4) natural selection
Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on the
information below and on your knowledge of science.
In pea plants, the green-pod gene (G) is dominant
over the yellow-pod gene (g).
22 a. Two pea plants with green pods, Gg & GG,
were crossed. Complete the Punnett square below to
show the results of this cross.
Base your answers to questions 25 through 27 on
the diagram below and on your knowledge of science.
The diagram shows a model of human inheritance.
25. What is this model used to determine?
(1) the possibility of having twins
(2) the probability of a trait being passed on
(3) the rate of mutation
(4) the production of sex cells
b. What percentage of the offspring produced by this
cross will most likely have green pods?
__________________ %
G G
G g
26. What is the genetic makeup of the parents?
(1) AA and aa (3) AA and AA
(2) Aa and Aa (4) aa and aa
27. Why will Aa individuals have a straight hairline
rather than a peaked hairline?
(1) The peaked hairline occurs only in females.
(2) The peaked hairline is a mutation.
(3) The straight hairline is recessive.
(4) The straight hairline is dominant.
G G
G g
100
23. Show the genetic makeup of two parent pea
plants whose offspring would all have yellow pods.
___________ & ___________
g g
g g

6. FINAL REVIEW: MORE GENETICS !
24. What is the function of DNA in a cell?
(1) regulating the movement of nutrients
(2) storing and releasing chemicals
(3) carrying genetic material
(4) providing energy for activities
FINAL REVIEW: MORE GENETICS !
Base your answers to questions 28 and 29 on the diagram below which shows a model of human inheritance.
Base your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the diagram below. The diagram shows the offspring of a white mouse and a gray mouse. All of the offspring are gray.
28. The parent whose genes are aa
(1) must be dominant
(2) has a straight hairline
(3) has a peaked hairline
(4) may have AA offspring
29. The diagram shown is called a
(1) Punnett square
(2) pedigree chart
(3) dichotomous key
(4) flowchart
31. Which is a correct gene combination for the
parents shown in the diagram?
(1) GG × GG (3) gg × GG
(2) gg × gg (4) Gg × Gg
32. If two gray (Gg) mice mated, what percent of
their offspring would have pure white fur?
(1) 25% (3) 75%
(2) 50% (4) 100%

7. 30. The eyes of the owl and the rabbit shown in the
diagram below give each animal a different
advantage. The front-facing owl eyes allow the
bird to accurately judge distance when swooping
in on prey. The side-facing rabbit eyes allow the
animal to detect the motion of possible predators.
33. A new variety of tomato is better tasting and
can be stored longer than other tomato varieties.
This new tomato is produced by placing
Additional gene segments into the cells of the
tomato plant. This process is known as
(1) genetic engineering
(2) selective breeding
(3) natural selection
(4) sexual reproduction
34. The vast variety of different traits found in humans results from
(1) intensive training and education
(2) sexual reproduction and mutations
(3) exercise and conditioning
(4) birth defects and recessive genes
35. The effects of natural selection are generally
seen most quickly in which organisms?
(1) bacteria (3) humans
(2) corn plants (4) cats
The specialized eye types of these animals are
examples of
(1) disruptions of the natural balance
(2) the interdependence of living things
(3) adaptations for survival under certain conditions
(4) involuntary responses to stimuli
36. The Punnet square below represents the
result of the cross between two tall pea plants.
All of the resulting offspring were tall.
Identify two offspring from the Punnet square
that could produce short pea plants if they were
crossed. Explain your answer.
Offspring: _____________ x _________________
Explanation: Because 25% would be (t t) from a hybrid cross.
T t
T t

8. 37. Chromosome is to nucleus as DNA is to
(1) cytoplasm (3) cell membrane
(2) gene (4) chloroplast
38. The fur of a snowshoe rabbit changes to
white during the winter. This change is an
example of
(1) adaptation (3) metamorphosis
(2) competition (4) metabolism
39. Which process gives rise to a variety of traits within a species?
(1) sexual reproduction
(2) dynamic equilibrium
(3) cellular respiration
(4) internal regulation
Base your answers to questions 40 through 42 on the Punnett square below, which shows a cross between two tall pea plants (Tt × TT).
100%
40. What percentage of the offspring will grow tall? __________
41. According to the Punnett square, what is the probability of an offspring inheriting two tall genes?
(Express your answer as a fraction or percentage.) __________
42. Explain why both parent plants are tall, even though their genes for height are not exactly the same.
_____________________________________________________________________
50%
T is dominant & will mask the recessive t gene. TT is pure tall & Tt is hybrid tall.

9. Base your answers to questions 43 through 45 on the
diagrams below and on your knowledge of science.
The Punnett square below shows an RR pea plant
crossed with an Rr pea plant.
Base your answers to questions 46 through 48 on the
diagram below and on your knowledge of science.
The diagram shows the result of sexual reproduction.
43. What percentage of the offspring will have a
Full, round pod shape? ______________ %
44. Complete the Punnett square provided below
to show the crossing of two Rr parents.
100
R r
46. Identify the two sex cells that are necessary for sexual reproduction.
(1) ______________________________________
(2) ______________________________________
47. In each of the offspring, what percentage of the genetic material comes from the male parent?
_______________ %
48. State one advantage that a species that reproduces sexually has over a species that reproduces asexually.
________________________________________ R r RR Rr
Sperm cells
&
Egg cells Rr rr
If 100 offspring were
produced from the crossing
shown in the Punnett square
below, approximately how
many would have a wrinkled
pod shape?
____________________
50%
50%
Variation of traits (species) over time.