1. crop rotations Historically revolved around LEGUMES

3. Cover crops less

4. Adapted from Sarrantonio (1994) BroccoliLettuce Finding the right times to fit in cover crops Summer Fallow Spring SummerFall = cover crop A = cover crop seeded after spring crop harvested, tilled in before fall crop B = cover crop overseeded into spring crop, tilled in before fall crop C = Cover crop allowed to grow in strips when fall crop is young A B C

5. Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial.

6. 1 Gross margins are calculated by taking the gross revenue per acre (yield times price at harvest) minus variable costs of production (seed, fertilizer, pesticides, drying costs, fuel, and repairs). Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial. CS1 = continuous corn CS2 = corn/soybean CS3 = corn/soybean/wheat CS4 = 1 year corn/3 years alfalfa CS5 = corn/alfalfa/alfalfa-oats-peas

7. Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial Energy relationships High energy cost of N fertilizer Why is the net energy gain for ethanol (~ 1.2) so much lower than all of these ? Highest energy input and output Lowest output:input ratio

8. How much N can frost seeded red clover fix ??

9. Red clover frost seeded into winter wheat. Seed is broadcast onto frozen and cracked soil in mid- March after snow melt. Seedlings remain relatively small until wheat harvest, at which time they have full sunlight and three months to grow and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Total nitrogen accumulation typically exceeds 100 lbs./a by the end of the growing season.

11. Hairy vetch can be successfully planted after wheat harvest. On the two occasions (out of 18 site-years of the WICST trial) when the red clover failed to establish well, the vetch produced an average of 115 lbs./a of nitrogen, providing an excellent “back- up plan” that reduces one of the potential risks of relying on a companion-seeded cover crop for nitrogen. Late July vetch plantings can be riskier than frost seeding clover.

12. Cover crops can be managed economically ! When the cost of purchased nitrogen is low, the value of the nitrogen alone does not usually justify the cost of a legume. However, other benefits such as reduced herbicide use, improved yield of other crops, reduced nitrate leaching, improved soil structure, diminished erosion and reduced fossil fuel use make cover crops more attractive. As energy prices increase, cover crops become increasingly more attractive.

13. Cover crops can provide most or all of the nitrogen required by corn growth. WI trials to determine whether supplemental nitrogen was worthwhile found that additional nitrogen (either starter or sidedressed) produced a significant yield increase only about one-fourth of the time. The exceptions always occurred during years with cool springs, when there is a slow release of legume nitrogen.

14. WICST scientists recommend that producers perform the pre-sidedress nitrate test when cover crop growth is modest or spring weather is particularly cool, and use recommended rates of sidedress N accordingly. (When justified, sidedress N was more economic than starter N.)

15. Use supplemental N to balance the budget Total N uptake Cover crop N Crop residue N Soil N N credits supplemental N N Compost/Manure N

16. Many vegetable crop residues are comparable to a legume cover crop http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/publication/bulletin/nitrogen-azote_e.pdf Residues with a low C:N ratio that decompose quickly can release N even though they are not legumes

17. http://talk.newagtalk.com/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=73097&mid=521773#M521773 http://talk.newagtalk.com/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=73097&mid=521773#M521773 We've done some PSNT tests with and w/o fall seeded radish. Kind of a moving target (year to year) in N credits, but I will say that we've always had a bigger credit following radish than what we had without. That could be for a lot reasons. Weather, soil types, temp, etc. I've had an increase of almost 80#s of N using radish vs none, and I've had an increase of 20# vs none. N credit is a very nice benefit of using a cover like radish, but I also like the other benefits from radish we've observed. Trouble with cover crops is putting a $ benefit on many of them. I can hardly ever say that if I spend 10 bucks on a particular cover, it'll for sure give me 20 back next year. In the big picture, I feel that if looked at over say a 5 or 10 year period, we've put more money in the bank by using covers than we've spent. I don't know how to quantify things $ wise like the value of increased OM, for example. Pat Sheridan (Fairgrove, Michigan)

18. Location Cover Crop Grain Crop 0 lb N/ac 60 lb N/ac 180 lb N/ac 240 lb N/ac Hortin Hairy Vetch Corn169184180184 HortinFallowCorn105142162164 HortinRyeCorn65102119120 Hortin Hairy Vetch Sorghum909799100 HortinFallowSorghum74879492 HortinRyeSorghum54727774 http://frec.cropsci.uiuc.edu/1993/report13/table10.htm U of I on-farm covercrop research (grain yields = bu/acre) Cereal rye often suppresses corn and sorghum yields

19. Impact of hairy vetch and rye cover crops on corn yield in IL

21. More crop residues = more OM CC

22. 20 years of similar tillage intensity and C inputs but contrasting types of organic inputs Crop residues Cover Crops Animal manure Crop residues

23. Understanding cover crops as nutrient sources Early kill date = 114 lbs total N Late kill date = 140 lbs total N Wagger (1989) 50% N Late kill date = 131 lbs total N Early kill date = 107 lbs total N 2 wks<4 wks

24. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2004/041126.htm Timing of establishment and termination of legume cover crops strongly influences their contribution of N to subsequent crops Early planting and late termination (after bloom begins) normally maximizes N contribution to subsequent crops

27. in the spring

28. AC Greenfix was the top N fixer in a recent study lbs of N / acre

29. DO NOT PLANT AC GREENFIX WHERE SOYBEANS WERE GROWN THE YEAR BEFORE - AC GREENFIX WILL NOT DO WELL! Like most legumes, AC Greenfix grows slowly for the first 30-40 days. Weeds can be controlled by mowing or grazing when AC Greenfix starts to flower or during the first week of flowering. This will make the AC Greenfix tiller out faster and grow faster, resulting in a better stand. For maximum nitrogen availability to the following crop, the plants should be incorporated before seedpods begin to filling. Important considerations

30. Is the N fixed by AC Greenfix free ? Seed cost ~ $40/acre Planting cost ~ $20/acre Incorporation cost ~ $10/acre Total cost ~ $70/acre Assuming ~100 lbs of N fixed per acre, the cost is ~70 cents per lbs of N

36. Multi-functional cover crops Cover Crops Adapted from Magdoff and Weil (2004) Cover crops generally require more management Cover crops are not idiot –proof There are few profits in idiot-proof systems!

37. Impact of cover crops on soybean cyst nematodes Bare Cereal RyeRyegrass 1 7533717*117** 2 3650320* 0** 3 1559722*386* 4 1202390*279* 2 years /3 replications * Significant.05** Significant.01 _____________Egg count ______________ M Plumer Site

38. Soil Density (g/cm 3 ) all no-tilled 9+ years Ryegrass cover crop for 6 years 10”1.49* 16”1.58 24”1.48* No cover crop 1.66 1.54 1.65 * sig..05 M Plumer

39. http://www.amazingcarbon.com/PDF/Rick%20Maurice%20-%20RTM%20Carbon%20Forum%20Sept%202005.pdf

40. Miscanthus

41. Aerial Seeding Turnips, Oats and Rye 8-20-2001

42. Cliff Schuette Turnips and Cereal Rye Airseed 8/25/2000 Barkant Turnips-3 lbs Rye 2 Bu Airplane $8/Acre Corn 183 Bu/acre Atrazine 1 lb Partner April 28

43. November 1, 2000 Turnips - Spring Oats- Corn Stalks Seeded August 15 Turnips- 4 lbs Oats 1 Bu. 40 LBS N November 1, 2000 Spring Oats -Cereal Rye- Corn Stalks Seeded August 15 Oats- 1 Bu. Rye-1 1/2 Bu. 40 LBS N

44. 11/30/00 Protein 16.59 RFV 114 01/19/2001 Protein 12.79 RFV 92

45. Paul Smith Annual Rye grass aerial seeded into standing corn Fall, 2001

46. John Hebert Inspecting Ryegrass No-till into corn stubble Fall, 2001

48. Pluribus strip-till system in cereal rye

49. Dick Thompson