1. UNIT VI: Advance Network Technologies Virtualization, Software defined network, ATM (Overview, Protocol Architecture, AAL), GMPLS, Introduction of optical networks, Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber, Client Layers of the Optical Layer 8 Hrs Monday, September 21, 2015

2. Virtualization: What Is Virtualization? How does it works? Background and evolution, Advantages and disadvantages, Platform Virtualization, Resources Virtualization, Hypervisor, Massively virtualized model-cloud. Ref: Operating Systems—A Concept-Based Approach, D. M. Dhamdhere, McGraw-Hill, 2008 Monday, September 21, 2015

3. What is virtualization? Virtualization allows one computer to do the job of multiple computers. Virtual environments let one computer host multiple operating systems at the same time Monday, September 21, 2015

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5. How does it work? Virtualization transforms hardware into software. It is the creation of a fully functional virtual computer that can run its own applications and operating system. Creates virtual elements of the CPU, RAM, and hard disk. Monday, September 21, 2015

6. Background and Evolution Virtualization arose from a need in the 1960’s to partition large mainframe hardware. Improved in the 1990s to allow mainframes to multitask. First implemented by IBM more than 30 years ago. Monday, September 21, 2015

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8. Virtualization It is divided into two main categories: –Platform virtualization involves the simulation of virtual machines. –Resource virtualization involves the simulation of combined, fragmented, or simplified resources. Monday, September 21, 2015

9. Platform Virtualization the creation of a virtual machine using a combination of hardware and software is referred to as platform virtualization Platform virtualization is performed on a given hardware platform by "host" software (a control program), which creates a simulated computer environment (a virtual machine) for its "guest" software. The "guest" software, which is often itself a complete operating system, runs just as if it were installed on a stand- alone hardware platform. Typically, many such virtual machines are simulated on a given physical machine. For the "guest" system to function, the simulation must be robust enough to support all the guest system's external interfaces, which (depending on the type of virtualization) may include hardware drivers. Monday, September 21, 2015

10. Resource Virtualization The basic concept of platform virtualization, was later extended to the virtualization of specific system resources, such as storage volumes, name spaces, and network resources. Monday, September 21, 2015

11. Resource aggregation, spanning, or concatenation combines individual components into larger resources or resource pools. For example: –RAID and volume managers combine many disks into one large logical disk. –Storage Virtualization refers to the process of completely abstracting logical storage from physical storage, and is commonly used in SANs. The physical storage resources are aggregated into storage pools, from which the logical storage is created. Multiple independent storage devices, which may be scattered over a network, appear to the user as a single, location-independent, monolithic storage device, which can be managed centrally. –Channel bonding and network equipment use multiple links combined to work as though they offered a single, higher-bandwidth link. –Virtual Private Network (VPN), Network Address Translation (NAT), and similar networking technologies create a virtualized network namespace within or across network subnets. –Multiprocessor and multi-core computer systems often present what appears as a single, fast processor. Resource Virtualization Monday, September 21, 2015

12. Hypervisor In computing, a hypervisor (also: virtual machine monitor) is a virtualization platform that allows multiple operating systems to run on a host computer at the same time. The term usually refers to an implementation using full virtualization. Monday, September 21, 2015

13. Hypervisors are currently classified in two types: –Type 1 hypervisor : A software that runs directly on a given hardware platform (as an operating system control program Examples : VMware's ESX Server, and Sun's Hypervisor –Type 2 hypervisor :A software that runs within an operating system environment. Examples include VMware server and Microsoft Virtual Server. Hypervisor Types Monday, September 21, 2015

14. Virtualization - Why Virtualize? Reduce Real Estate Needs Increase Up Time Reduce CO2 Emissions, Power and Cooling Requirements Increase Flexibility Reduce Overall Costs Monday, September 21, 2015

15. Massively Virtualized Model - Cloud Monday, September 21, 2015

16. Cloud Computing - Services Software as a Service - SaaS Platform as a Service - PaaS Infrastructure as a Service - IaaS Monday, September 21, 2015

17. Advantages: Benefits include freedom in choice of operating system. It saves time and money. Consolidates server and infrastructure. Makes it easier to manage and secure desktop environments. Disadvantages Only powerful computers can successfully create virtual environment. Requires training to operate. Monday, September 21, 2015

18. Limitations of Current Networks,Software defined network: Traditional Computer Networks, Limitations of Current Networks, What is SDN? Background, OS for networks, What is OpenFlow? How it helps SDN, The current status & the future of SDN (Case studies) Ref: http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spr12/cos461/ Advance Network Technologies Monday, September 21, 2015

19. Traditional Computer Networks Data plane: Packet streaming Forward, filter, buffer, mark, rate-limit, and measure packets Monday, September 21, 2015

20. Traditional Computer Networks Track topology changes, compute routes, install forwarding rules Control plane: Distributed algorithms Monday, September 21, 2015

21. Traditional Computer Networks Collect measurements and configure the equipment Management plane: Human time scale Monday, September 21, 2015

22. Limitations of Current Networks Switches Monday, September 21, 2015

23. Limitations of Current Networks Enterprise networks are difficult to manage “New control requirements have arisen”: –Greater scale –Migration of VMS How to easily configure huge networks? Monday, September 21, 2015

24. Old ways to configure a network Limitations of Current Networks Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System App Monday, September 21, 2015

25. Limitations of Current Networks Million of lines of source code Billions of gates Many complex functions baked into infrastructure OSPF, BGP, multicast, differentiated services, Traffic Engineering, NAT, firewalls, … Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware Operating System Operating System Feature Cannot dynamically change according to network conditions Monday, September 21, 2015

26. Idea: An OS for Networks Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System App Closed Monday, September 21, 2015

27. Idea: An OS for Networks Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System App Network Operating System Control Programs Monday, September 21, 2015

28. Idea: An OS for Networks Simple Packet Forwarding Hardware Network Operating System Control Programs OpenFlow/SDN tutorial, Srini Seetharaman, Deutsche Telekom, Silicon Valley Innovation Center Monday, September 21, 2015

29. Idea: An OS for Networks Global Network View Protocols Control via forwarding interface Network Operating System Control Programs Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Monday, September 21, 2015

30. Software Defined Networking No longer designing distributed control protocols Much easier to write, verify, maintain, … –An interface for programming NOS serves as fundamental control block –With a global view of network Monday, September 21, 2015

31. Software Defined Networking Examples –Ethane: network-wide access-control –Power Management Monday, September 21, 2015

32. OpenFlow “OpenFlow: Enabling Innovation in Campus Networks” Like hardware drivers – interface between switches and Network OS Monday, September 21, 2015

33. OpenFlow OpenFlow/SDN tutorial, Srini Seetharaman, Deutsche Telekom, Silicon Valley Innovation Center Data Path (Hardware) Control Path (Software) Monday, September 21, 2015

34. OpenFlow Data Path (Hardware) Control Path OpenFlow OpenFlow Controller OpenFlow Protocol (SSL/TCP) Monday, September 21, 2015

35. OpenFlow Switching Controller PC Hardware Layer Software Layer OpenFlow Table MAC src MAC dst IP Src IP Dst TCP sport TCP dport Action OpenFlow Client **5.6.7.8***port 1 port 4port 3 port 2 port 1 1.2.3.45.6.7.8 35 Monday, September 21, 2015

36. OpenFlow Table Entry Switch Port MAC src MAC dst Eth type VLAN ID IP Src IP Dst IP Prot TCP sport TCP dport RuleActionStats + mask Packet + byte counters 1.Forward packet to port(s) 2.Encapsulate and forward to controller 3.Drop packet 4.Send to normal processing pipeline 5.… Monday, September 21, 2015

37. OpenFlow Examples Switching * Switch Port MAC src MAC dst Eth type VLAN ID IP Src IP Dst IP Prot TCP sport TCP dport Action * 00:1f:.. *******port6 Firewall * Switch Port MAC src MAC dst Eth type VLAN ID IP Src IP Dst IP Prot TCP sport TCP dport Action ********22drop Routing * Switch Port MAC src MAC dst Eth type VLAN ID IP Src IP Dst IP Prot TCP sport TCP dport Action *****5.6.7.8***port6 Monday, September 21, 2015

38. OpenFlow Standard way to control flow-tables in commercial switches and routers Just need to update firmware Essential to the implementation of SDN Monday, September 21, 2015

39. ATM: Overview, Protocol Architecture, AAL, GMPLS: Why GMPLS?GMPLS and MPLS, Control interfaces, Challenges of GMPLS, Proposed techniques: Suggested label, Bi-direction LSP setup, LMP, etc Ref: 1.ATM:William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications7 th Edition 2. GMPLS: bnrg.cs.berkeley.edu/~randy/Courses/CS294.S02 Monday, September 21, 2015

40. WHAT’S ATM? ATM is Asynchronous Transfer Mode. ATM is a connection-oriented, high-speed, low-delay switching and transmission technology that uses short and fixed-size packets, called cells, to transport information. ATM is originally the transfer mode for implementing Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) but it is also implemented in non-ISDN environments where very high data rates are required Monday, September 21, 2015

41. BROADBAND AND B-ISDN Broadband: "A service or system requiring transmission channel capable of supporting rates greater than the primary rate.“ Broadband-Integrated Service Digital Network (B-ISDN): A standard for transmitting voice, video and data at the same time over fiber optic telephone lines The goal of B-ISDN is to accommodate all existing services along withthose that will come in the future. The services that BISDN will support include (1)narrowband services, such as voice, voice band data, facsimile, telemetry, videotex, electronic mail, (2)wideband services such as T1, and (3)broadband services such as video conference, high speed data, video on demand. BISDN is also to support point-to-point, point- to-multipoint and multipoint-to-multipoint connectivities. Monday, September 21, 2015

42. ATM OVERVIEW Used in both WAN and LAN settings Signaling (connection setup) Protocol: Packets are called cells (53 bytes) –5-byte header + 48-byte payload Commonly transmitted over SONET –other physical layers possible Connections can be switched (SVC), or permanent (PVC). ATM operates on a best effort basis. ATM guarantees that cells will not be disordered. Two types of connections: –Point-to-point –Multipoint (Multicast) Four Types of Services: –CBR (Constant Bit Rate) –VBR (Variable Bit Rate) –ABR (Available Bit Rate) Flow Control, Rate-based, Credit- based –UBR (Unspecific Bit Rate) No Flow control. Monday, September 21, 2015

43. ATM Characteristics No error protection or flow control on a link-by-link basis. ATM operates in a connection-oriented mode. The header functionality is reduced. The information field length is relatively small and fixed. All data types are the same Monday, September 21, 2015

44. Why ATM? International standard-based technology (for interoperability) Low network latency (for voice, video, and real-time applications) Low variance of delay (for voice and video transmission) Guaranteed quality of service High capacity switching (multi-giga bits per second) Bandwidth flexibility (dynamically assigned to users) Monday, September 21, 2015

45. Why ATM? (con’t) Scalability (capacity may be increased on demand) Medium not shared for ATM LAN (no degradation in performance as traffic load or number of users increases) Supports a wide range of user access speeds Appropriate (seamless integration) for LANs, MANs, and WANs Supports audio, video, imagery, and data traffic (for integrated services) Monday, September 21, 2015

46. ATM NETWORKS Public ATM Network: –Provided by public telecommunications carriers (e.g., AT&T, MCI WorldCom, and Sprint) –Interconnects private ATM networks –Interconnects remote non-ATM LANs –Interconnects individual users Private ATM Network: –Owned by private organizations –Interconnects low speed/shared medium LANs (e.g., Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI) as a backbone network –Interconnects individual users as the front-end LAN for high performance or multimedia applications Monday, September 21, 2015

47. Switches in the middle End systems of ATM Monday, September 21, 2015

48. Public ATM Network Token Ring Token Ring FDDI Mainframe Computer Video Ethernet Mainframe Computer Edge Switch Ethernet File Server Private ATM Switch Edge Switch Edge Switch Edge Switch PBX Voice Private ATM Network FDDI Monday, September 21, 2015

49. ATM Interfaces Private UNI Private ATM LAN Public UNI Public ATM Network Public ATM Network B-ICI Private ATM WAN P-NNI Monday, September 21, 2015

50. How ATM Works? ATM is connection-oriented -- an end-to-end connection must be established and routing tables setup prior to cell transmission Once a connection is established, the ATM network will provide end-to- end Quality of Service (QoS) to the end users All traffic, whether voice, video, image, or data is divided into 53-byte cells and routed in sequence across the ATM network Routing information is carried in the header of each cell Routing decisions and switching are performed by hardware in ATM switches Cells are reassembled into voice, video, image, or data at the destination Monday, September 21, 2015

51. ATM Network H HH H H H H H Voice Video Data BISDN Services BISDN Services Reassembly User Applications Workstation Multiplexing Demultiplexing HHHH H H Segmentation Monday, September 21, 2015

52. B-ISDN/ATM Protocol Reference Model Source: Stallings: Data and Computer Communications Monday, September 21, 2015

53. MPLS and GMPLS Monday, September 21, 2015

54. Why MPLS? MPLS stands for: “Multi-Protocol Label Switching” Goals: –Bring the speed of layer 2 switching to layer 3 May no longer perceived as the main benefit: Layer 3 switches –Resolve the problems of IP over ATM, in particular: Complexity of control and management Scalability issues –Support multiple layer 2 technologies Monday, September 21, 2015

55. Basic Idea MPLS is a hybrid model adopted by IETF to incorporate best properties in both packet routing & circuit switching Forwarding: Label Swapping Control: IP Router Software Control: IP Router Software Forwarding: Longest-match Lookup Control: ATM Forum Software Forwarding: Label Swapping IP Router MPLS ATM Switch Monday, September 21, 2015

56. Basic Idea (Cont.) Packets are switched, not routed, based on labels Labels are filled in the packet header Basic operation: –Ingress LER (Label Edge Router) pushes a label in front of the IP header –LSR (Label Switch Router) does label swapping –Egress LER removes the label The key : establish the forwarding table –Link state routing protocols Exchange network topology information for path selection OSPF-TE, IS-IS-TE –Signaling/Label distribution protocols : Set up LSPs (Label Switched Path) LDP, RSVP-TE, CR-LDP Monday, September 21, 2015

57. MPLS Operation 1a. Routing protocols (e.g. OSPF-TE, IS-IS-TE) exchange reachability to destination networks 1b. Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) establishes label mappings to destination network 2. Ingress LER receives packet and “label”s packets IP 10 3. LSR forwards packets using label swapping IP 20 IP 40 4. LER at egress removes label and delivers packet IP Monday, September 21, 2015

58. Main features Label swapping: –Bring the speed of layer 2 switching to layer 3 Separation of forwarding plane and control plane Forwarding hierarchy via Label stacking –Increase the scalability Constraint-based routing –Traffic Engineering –Fast reroute Facilitate the virtual private networks (VPNs) Provide class of service –Provides an opportunity for mapping DiffServ fields onto an MPLS label Facilitate the elimination of multiple layers Monday, September 21, 2015

59. GMPLS GMPLS stands for “Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching” A previous version is “Multi-Protocol Lambda/Label Switching” Developed from MPLS A suite of protocols that provides common control to packet, TDM, and wavelength services. Currently, in development by the IETF Monday, September 21, 2015

60. Why GMPLS? GMPLS is proposed as the signaling protocol for optical networks What service providers want? Carry a large volume of traffic in a cost-effective way Turns out to be a challenge within current data network architecture Problems: –Complexity in management of multiple layers –Inefficient bandwidth usage –Not scalable Solutions: eliminate middle layers  IP/WDM Need a protocol to perform functions of middle layers IP ATM SONET/SDH DWDM Carry applications and services Traffic Engineering Transport/Protection Capacity Monday, September 21, 2015

61. Why GMPLS? (Cont.) Optical Architectures A control protocol support both overlay model and peer model will bring big flexibility –The selection of architecture can be based on business decision Peer Model Overlay Model UNI Monday, September 21, 2015

62. Why GMPLS? (Cont.) What we need? A common control plane –Support multiple types of traffic (ATM, IP, SONET and etc.) –Support both peer and overlay models –Support multi-vendors –Perform fast provisioning Why MPLS is selected? –Provisioning and traffic engineering capability Monday, September 21, 2015

63. GMPLS and MPLS GMPLS is deployed from MPLS –Apply MPLS control plane techniques to optical switches and IP routing algorithms to manage lightpaths in an optical network GMPLS made some modifications on MPLS –Separation of signaling and data channel –Support more types of control interface –Other enhancement Monday, September 21, 2015

64. Control interfaces Extend the MPLS to support more interfaces other than packet switch –Packet Switch Capable (PSC) Router/ATM Switch/Frame Reply Switch –Time Division Multiplexing Capable (TDMC) SONET/SDH ADM/Digital Crossconnects –Lambda Switch Capable (LSC) All Optical ADM or Optical Crossconnects (OXC) –Fiber-Switch Capable (FSC) LSPs of different interfaces can be nested inside another FSC LSC TDMC PSC Monday, September 21, 2015

65. Challenges Routing challenges –Limited number of labels –Very large number of links Link identification will be a big problem Scalability of the Link state protocol Port connection detection Signaling challenges –Long label setup time –Bi-directional LSPs setup Management challenges –Failure detection –Failure protection and restoration Monday, September 21, 2015

66. Link Management Protocol Problem: –How to localize the precise location of a fault? –How to validate the connectivity between adjacent nodes? Solution: link management protocol –Control Channel Management –Link Connectivity Verification –Link Property Correlation –Fault Management –Authentication Monday, September 21, 2015

67. GMPLS Summary Provides a new way of managing network resources and provisioning Provide a common control plane for multiple layers and multi-vendors Fast and automatic service provisioning Greater service intelligence and efficiency Monday, September 21, 2015

68. Introduction to Optical Networks Telecommunications Network Architecture Services, Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Optical Networks The Optical Layer Transparency and All-Optical Networks Optical Packet Switching Transmission Basics Network Evolution Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber Loss and Bandwidth Windows Intermodal Dispersion Optical Fiber as a Waveguide Chromatic Dispersion Nonlinear Effects Monday, September 21, 2015

69. Client Layers of the Optical Layer SONET/SDH Optical Transport Network Generic Framing Procedure Ethernet IP Multiprotocol Label Switching Resilient Packet Ring Storage Area Networks Ref: Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar Shivarajan, GlanShasaki, “Optical Networks a Practical Perspective”, Elsevier-Morgan Kaufmann ISBN: 978-0-12-374092-2 pdf Monday, September 21, 2015

70. Thanks Monday, September 21, 2015