1. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green C++ Certificate Program C++ Intermediate Access Control

2. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green What is Access Control? Three tenets of O-O programming: –Encapsulation –Inheritance –Polymorphism (typically runtime / dynamic binding) Access control concerned with encapsulation –What do we want visible? –What do we want to hide? –From whom?

3. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green C++ Access Control C++ supports three levels of access control –Public : visible to all –Protected: visible to derived classes –Private: visible only to the class

4. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Access Control Uses Intended to support design policy –Aids in the communication of a design by delineating what is intended to be visible –Can be used to promote loose-coupling (hard to couple to what you cannot see) C++ access control is not a runtime security mechanism, but a compile-time design enforcement mechanism

5. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Sibling Access class Car { protected: double getMilesPerGallon () const { /* … */ } // … }; namespace Honda { class Civic : public Car { public: double getResaleValue () const { double mpg = getMilesPerGallon (); // ok // … } bool shouldTradeFor (Car const& car) { double newMPG = car.getMilesPerGallon (); // ILLEGAL! // … } }; }

6. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Sibling Access Why is this illegal? –Protected and private methods can be accessed between different objects of the same class –Base class protected method can be called from within derived object method –However, siblings should not have access to the other’s private (or protected) methods; for example, Civic should not be able to call getMilesPerGallon on a Saab object

7. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Explanation from ARM The C++ Annotated Reference Manual (ARM) explains this further: –When a friend or a member function of a derived class references a protected nonstatic member of a base class, an access check applies in addition to those described earlier... Except when forming a pointer to member, the access must be through a pointer to, reference to, or object of the derived class itself (or any class derived from that class)...

8. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Friend Declarations A class, global function, or method may be declared to be a friend of a class Friend has unrestricted access to private and protected members of the class Friend declarations are not inherited or transitive - a friend of a friend does not automatically become a friend, a friend of a parent does not automatically become a friend

9. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Example Friend Declarations class Employee { // friend functions and classes are // given unrestricted access to all // public, private and protected // attributes and methods friend class Secretary; friend void ::IRS_Audit(); friend void Boss::Spy(); };

10. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green More on Friends You can specify who your friends are You cannot limit what friends have access to –Friends can access everything an instance of your class can Often, but not always, use of friends is indicative of a weak design

11. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Template Friends Friends can be declared in template classes, to generate many friends: template class Bar { }; template class Foo { //... friend class Bar ; };

12. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Iterators Iterator classes provide ideal example where friend relationships can actually produce better design Iterators require intimate knowledge of the container class it is iterating against A container typically needs one outside class (usually under control of the container designer) with intimate knowledge of the container implementation details; outside users need only know container interface details

13. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Std Lib List Container In the example of std::list, every user of the class accesses the list through its non data-revealing / non implementation- revealing public interface Iterator is needed to access any elements

14. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Iterator Design Drivers Why are the iterator classes separate, nested classes rather than just exposing data within the list's interface? Is one iterator enough? Will there be multiple clients to the container? –Multiple iterators are needed Will standard algorithms be used on the container? –Iterators allow generic algorithms that work with any container –Algorithm code is insulated from binding to members of any specific container

15. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Iterator Design Drivers Will there ever be a need to change the underlying container? –Iterators reduce reliance on a specific class interface –Underlying container can be changed and the application code is unaffected

16. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Iterators Are Your Friends All of the above pushes for the use of iterators –“a window into a container” –Client code still has control over the container, regardless of what really goes on behind the scenes Iterators are an excellent example of selective exposure –Clients get what they need and only what they need –Many functions only need to access container iterators, not the container itself –Decouples client code from the implementation of the containers

17. ©Fraser Hutchinson & Cliff Green Summary C++ access control and friends are all aspects of the public interface Public interface defines what a type can do, to the users of that type Separating the interface from the implementation is crucial to good software design The responsibilities / functionality / interface of a type (class) lies at the heart of O-O programming