1. Introduction To Nuclear Physics Lab

2. Contents What is Radioactivity? Radioactivity Decays Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with matter Radiation Detectors Ionizing Radiation safety Conclusion

3. Introduction What is Radiation? Radiation is energy traveling in the form of particles or waves in bundles of energy called photons.

4. TYPES OF RADIATIONS 1)Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation Radio. Microwaves. Infra Red (Heat). Visible Light (Color). Ultra Violet. 2)Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation X-Rays. Gamma Rays. 3)Ionizing Atomic Particle Radiation Beta Rays. Alpha Rays. Neutrons

5. What is Radioactivity? When the nucleus is unstable it will decay into a more stable atom. This radioactive decay is completely spontaneous.

6. When an unstable nucleus decays, there are three ways that it can do so: 1) Alpha Particle (α-particle) 2) Beta Particle (β-particle) 3) Gamma Ray ( γ-Ray)

7. Gamma RayBeta Particle Alpha particle Type of Radiation γβ α symbol 01/20004 Mass (a.m.u) 0+2 charge Very fast (speed of light) FastSlow Speed 0MediumHigh Ionizing ability HighMediumLow Penetrating power LeadAluminumPaper Stopped by

10. A) Alpha Particle Decay: B) Beta Particle Decay: C) Gamma Rays:

11. Interaction of radiation with matter: 1)Alpha particle.

12. Interaction of radiation with matter: 2)Beta Particles.

13. Interaction of radiation with matter: 3)Gamma Rays.

14. Photoelectric effect

15. Compton Scattering

16. Pair Production

17. Measures of Radioactivity The activity of source is measured in this units: Becquerel (Bq) Curie (Ci) 1 Bq = 1 disintegration/sec 1 Ci = 37000000000 dps

18. Radioactivity Detectors The most important detectors to counting particles are : 1) Gas-filled Counters. 2) Scintillation Counters. 3) Semiconductor detectors or solid state detectors.

19. Geiger-Muller Detector

20. Scintillation Counter The solid scintillation counter is a solid state radiation detector which uses a scintillation crystal (phosphor) to detect radiation and produce light pulses.

21. Half life Half-life is the time required for the quantity of a radioactive material to be reduced to one-half its original value. Ex : Uranuim-298 4.5 billion years (long time) Carbon-14 20 min ( short time)

22. Ionizing Radiation Safety Remove the source from the storage only when ready to use it. Never pick up radioactive sources except with the tweezers/tongs. Increase your distance from the source. Decrease your time exposure to the source. There should be no eating, drinking in the laboratory where such sources are in use. Be sure that the sources are returned to the storage before you leave the laboratory.

23. Prepared by Sara AL-Dosari