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RANGELANDS: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. 1 I) GRAZING BY NATIVE ANIMALS.

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Presentation on theme: "RANGELANDS: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. 1 I) GRAZING BY NATIVE ANIMALS."— Presentation transcript:

1 RANGELANDS: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

2 1

3 I) GRAZING BY NATIVE ANIMALS

4 At the time of settlement by Europeans....perhaps 67 million “animal units” present 2 3 (Pre-Settlement Grazing Pressure may have approached Current Grazing Pressure)

5 Four Hudson Bay Fur Company Records (1500’s – 1600’s) Overgrazing by Bison in Canada? (Forage for Horses?)

6 Overgrazing by Bison in Montana? Meriweather Lewis (1814) 4 6

7 5

8 Overgrazing by Bison in Kansas? Overgrazing of prairies may have led to low numbers of prairie chickens and waterfowl

9 Impact of Grazing west of the Rockies in North America? 32 Great Basin Shrubland - Utah

10 II) EARLY LIVESTOCK GRAZING

11 Hernando Cortez

12 .. brought the first Cattle and Sheep into Mexico in (1515-1530) 4 8

13 Francisco Coronado.. 9

14 .. brought the first livestock into the United States from Mexico in 1540 4

15 Escaped cattle and horses established stocking ranges throughout the Southwest (NM, AZ, TX, CO) 4

16 Spanish Settlements in (1600’s) Livestock escape, become established in the Southwest 33

17 .. moved 4000 sheep, 1000 goats and 1000 cattle from south Texas to northern New Mexico 4 *Key to establishing the livestock industry in the Southwest Don Juan de Onate (1590s) …

18 **Spaniards Attempt to “Christianize” Native Americans, and also teach them about farming and animal husbandry Spanish Missions established all along major rivers in the NM, AZ, TX (17 th Century) 34

19 10 Herds of cattle and flocks of sheep established in most pueblos by 18 th century Conflict between Spaniards and Native Americans!

20 New Mexico is major supplier of sheep to regions elsewhere in the Southwest (early to mid 19 th century)

21 Patrone System in New Mexico (through the mid 1800s) Patrones: Recipients of large Spanish, and then Mexican land grants 4 Peons: Shepherds in charge of individual flocks 4

22 New Mexico Supplies Sheep to the West (mid-1800s) 4 California Gold Rush (1849) Nevada Silver Mines Colorado Gold Mines Mormon farms in Utah

23 Livestock Industry Expands into the Pacific Northwest (1830-1850s) 4

24 “Palouse Horse” “Palouse” Country (Beginning of Land Baron Era and Range Exploitation)

25 III) 1865 – 1900 PERIOD

26 CIVIL WAR ENDS 12

27 13 14

28 Transcontinental Railroad Act (1862) Granted large tracts of land to railroads Large numbers of people moved west

29 Homestead Act (1862) Grants 160 acres of land after 5 year’s residence Encourages large numbers of people to move west to farm

30 21 Transcontinental Railroad Completed into Kansas (1866) 4

31 15 16 Longhorn Cattle Drives from Texas to Kansas (1866 – 1885) 4 “A Market for Long-Horn Cattle in the East”

32 17 Danger of Cattle Drives

33 Expansion of Cattle Industry into Northern and Central Great Plains (1870s) Millions of dollars invested to Supply eastern US, European markets 20

34 1870 : 4.6 million cattle in western states 1884 : 35-40 million cattle in western states

35 23 Sheep Industry Expansion into West (1880s – 1890s) 4

36 24

37 25 1890’s – 1900’s CONFLICT!!

38 Rangeland Production Declines 1884 – 35-40 million cattle in western states 1890 - 27 million cattle in western states 4 26

39 A) Overgrazing B) Severe Summer Droughts (1891 – 1892) C) Severe Winter Weather (1885-1886) WHY? 30

40 Conversion of rangelands to pasture and farmland by homesteaders (1870’s – 1900’s) (Prairies, Palouse)

41 IV) 1900 - 1930 PERIOD 1) Government Regulation of Grazing 2) Range Management as a Scientific Discipline

42 1 http://images.pearsoned-ema.com/jpeg/small/9780130474759.jpg 2 Stoddart, L.A. and A.D. Smith. 1943. Range Management, 3 rd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, NY. 3 http://www.naturalkansas.org/images/Bison.jpg 4 Holecheck, J.L., R.D. Pieper and C.H. Herbel. 2004. Range Management: Principles and Practices. 5 th edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. 5 http://fineartamerica.com/images-medium/sage-gruff-chip-knobl.jpg 6 http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/rareplants/profiles/tep/opuntia_basilaris_thttp://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/rareplants/profiles/tep/opuntia_basilaris_t releasei/images/opuntia_basilaris_treleasei_habitat_lg.jpg 7 Kirsch, L.M. and A.D. Kruse. 1972. Prairie fires and wildlife. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 12:289-305 8 http://www.lawnoven.net/images/Sheep%20Grazing.jpg

43 9 http://www.ut.blm.gov/cedarcity_fo/images/cows.jpg 10 http://www.visitusa.com/newmexico/images/toaspic.jpg 11 http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/logging15a.jpg 12 http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/batatlan.jpg 13 http://www.fortogden.com/jupiter1.jpg 14 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/ndfahtml/images/hult_sod_02.jpg 15 http://www.chathamhillgames.com/images/west-longhorn.jpg 16 http://www.bio-link.org/res/mapTX.gif 17 http://www.co.wilbarger.tx.us/Crossing.jpg 18 http://www.guidon.com/bookgfx/cozzensv4.jpg

44 19 http://images.amazon.com/images/P/080328246X.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg 20 http://media.canada.com/idl/ntnp/20060817/161876-59213.jpg 21 http://www.archives.gov/research/american-west/images/017.jpg 22 http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/kansas/maps/kansas-http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/kansas/maps/kansas- location-map.gif 23 http://www.gis.net/~shepdog/BC_Museum/Permanent/SheepHerdinghttp://www.gis.net/~shepdog/BC_Museum/Permanent/SheepHerding InTheWest.jpg 24 http://www.geocities.com/james_mcinerney2000/stockwagons.htm 25 http://www.six-mile-ranch.ca/images/cattle-drive-cropt.jpg 26 http://agnews.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/RNEC/photos/Mar0804a.jpg 27 http://wildsonora.com/img/Cow-Patties.jpg 30 http://www.metcalfemuseum.org/collection_images/skinning_cattle.jpg

45 31 http://fineartamerica.com/images-medium/sage-gruff-chip- knobl.jpg 32 http://www.sunsetcities.com/nevada/greatbasin/DSCF0001-schellrangsign.jpg 33 http://thebsreport.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/wild-horses.jpg 34 http://k53.pbase.com/o6/28/566028/1/81012720.Tknbq8qI.http://k53.pbase.com/o6/28/566028/1/81012720.Tknbq8qI nm6copy.jpg 35 http://www.stockinterview.com/News/03162006/WY-sheep.gif


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