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Fire Hose, Nozzles, Streams, and Foam
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Objectives (1 of 2) 16 Describe how to prevent water hammers.
Describe how a hose is constructed. Describe the types of hoses used in the fire service. Describe how to clean, maintain and inspect hose. Describe how to note a defective hose. Describe how to roll hose. Describe how to lay a supply line and connect a hose to a water supply. Describe how to load hose. Describe how to carry and advance hose.
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Objectives (2 of 2) Describe the types and designs of nozzles.
16 Objectives (2 of 2) Describe the types and designs of nozzles. Describe pressure effects and flow capabilities of nozzles. Describe how foam works. List the types of foam. Describe how to make and apply foam.
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16 Fire Hydraulics Deal with properties of energy, pressure, and water flow as related to fire suppression.
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Flow Volume of water that is being moved
16 Flow Volume of water that is being moved Measured in gallons per minute (gpm) Metric measured in liters per minute (lpm)
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Pressure Amount of energy in a body or stream of water
16 Pressure Amount of energy in a body or stream of water Measured in pounds per square inch (psi) Metric measured in kilopascals (kPa) Required to push water through a hose or to a higher level Pumps usually provide the pressure.
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Friction Loss Loss of pressure as water moves through a pipe or hose
16 Friction Loss Loss of pressure as water moves through a pipe or hose Loss represents the energy required to push the water. Greater flow in same hose, greater friction loss Smaller hose with same flow, greater friction loss All else equal, loss proportional to distance
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Elevation Pressure Elevation affects water pressure.
16 Elevation Pressure Elevation affects water pressure. Elevated water tanks supply pressure to pipes due to elevation. Difference between nozzle elevation and engine elevation affects pressure. Hoses laid downhill have greater pressure. Hoses laid up stairs will have less pressure.
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16 Water Hammer Surge in pressure caused by sudden stop in the flow of water Shock wave is transmitted back through the hose. Can damage hose, couplings, and plumbing To prevent, open and close valves slowly.
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Functions of Fire Hoses
16 Functions of Fire Hoses Attack hose Carries water from engine to the nozzle Carries water from engine to master streams Carries water to standpipe and sprinkler systems Supply hose Carries water to the engine May come from a hydrant or another engine Carries large quantities at lower pressures
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Sizes of Hose 16 Small Diameter Hose Medium Diameter Hose
1" to 2 " in diameter Used as attack lines Each section is usually 50' long Medium Diameter Hose 2 1/2" or 3" in diameter Used as attack line or supply line large handlines usually use 2 1/2“. master stream and fire department connections often use 3" hose. Each section is usually 50' long. Large Diameter Hose 3 1/2" or 6" in diameter Standard diameter is 4" or 5“. Standard length is 50' or 100' long.
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Pressure Testing Attack hose Supply hose Tested annually
16 Pressure Testing Attack hose Tested annually Tested to 300 psi Designed for use up to 275 psi Supply hose Tested to 200 psi Designed for use up to 185 psi
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Hose Construction (1 of 2)
16 Hose Construction (1 of 2) Fire hose constructed of inner waterproof liner and one or two outer layers Outer layers Provide strength for high pressures Made from synthetic fibers Provide some abrasion protection Can be double jacket hose Can be rubber-jacket hose
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Hose Construction (2 of 2)
16 Hose Construction (2 of 2) Inner waterproof liner Prevents water leakage Provides smooth surface to reduce friction Usually made of synthetic rubber compound thin flexible membrane Attached to outer covering
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Hose Couplings Used to connect individual lengths of hose
16 Hose Couplings Used to connect individual lengths of hose Used to connect hose to hydrants, valves, nozzles, and fittings Two types Threaded Nonthreaded (Storz-type)
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Threaded Couplings 16 Used on most hose up to 3"
A set consists of male and female couplings. Male threads are on the outside. Female threads are on the inside. Female couplings swivel. Fire hose has a male on one end and a female on the other. Higbee indicators indicate proper thread alignment. Female couplings have a gasket to prevent leaks and require periodic replacement.
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Storz-type Couplings 16 Has neither male nor female ends
Most often used in large diameter hose Couplings are mated face-to-face and turned clockwise one third. Adapters are used to connect to threaded couplings.
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Attack Hose (1 of 3) 1 1/2" and 1 3/4" Most common attack line
16 Attack Hose (1 of 3) 1 1/2" and 1 3/4" Most common attack line Both use 1 1/2" couplings Can be operated by one fire fighter Most common preconnect lengths of 150' to 350' 1 1/2" generally flows gpm 1 3/4" generally flows gpm
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Attack Hose (2 of 3) 2 1/2" hose Used to attack larger fires
16 Attack Hose (2 of 3) 2 1/2" hose Used to attack larger fires Generally flows about 250 gpm Takes at least two fire fighters inside a building Weight per 50' section Without water, weighs 30 pounds With water, weighs about 200 pounds Can flow up to 350 gpm
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Attack Hose (3 of 3) Booster hose Forestry hose 16
Usually carried on a hose reel with 150' to 200’ Made of rubber with steel wire to give shape Can be advanced by one fire fighter 1" line flows gpm Used for small outdoor fires and trash dumpsters Forestry hose Typically 1" or 1 1/2" Used for grass, brush, or forestry fires Extremely maneuverable
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Supply Hose 16 Used to supply attack engine Ranges from 2 1/2" to 6"
Large diameter is more efficient than 2 1/2" Two types Soft suction Hard suction
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Types of Damage to Hose (1 of 3)
16 Types of Damage to Hose (1 of 3) Mechanical Abrasion from road surfaces Broken glass and sharp objects Abrasion from hose reloaded dirty Vehicles running over it Couplings being damaged Couplings being dragged
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Types of Damage to Hose (2 of 3)
16 Types of Damage to Hose (2 of 3) Heat and cold Direct contact from fire Burning coals and embers Hot surfaces such as heating units and exhaust pipes Freezing can rupture inner liner and break outer liner fibers. Lines may be frozen or encased in ice.
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Types of Damage to Hose (3 of 3)
16 Types of Damage to Hose (3 of 3) Chemicals Encountered at many incidents, including vehicle fires and accidents Wash hose as soon as possible with approved detergent. Mildew Grows on fabrics in warm, moist conditions Feeds on natural fibers and causes the hose to rot Modern hose has synthetic fibers and resists mildew. Rubber-covered hose fibers are protected from mildew.
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Cleaning, Maintaining, and Inspecting Hose
16 Cleaning, Maintaining, and Inspecting Hose Cleaning and maintaining hose Clean contaminated hose Hose inspections Perform quarterly and after each use Hose records Written history of each length of hose
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Hose Appliances (1 of 10) Wyes Split the stream into two hose streams
16 Hose Appliances (1 of 10) Wyes Split the stream into two hose streams Commonly split a 2 1/2" hose into two 1 1/2" Gated wyes have two quarter turn valves.
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Hose Appliances (2 of 10) Water thief Combines two hose lines into one
16 Hose Appliances (2 of 10) Water thief Combines two hose lines into one Has a 2 1/2" inlet, a 2 1/2" outlet, and two 1 1/2" outlets
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Hose Appliances (3 of 10) Siamese Combines two hose lines into one
16 Hose Appliances (3 of 10) Siamese Combines two hose lines into one Has two female inlets and one male outlet Often used on engine outlets, master streams, and fire department connections
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Hose Appliances (4 of 10) Adaptors
16 Hose Appliances (4 of 10) Adaptors Used to connect same size hoses but with dissimilar threads Are double-female or double-male
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Hose Appliances (5 of 10) Reducers
16 Hose Appliances (5 of 10) Reducers Used to attach smaller hoses to larger hoses Commonly used to reduce a 2 1/2" hose to a 1 1/2" hose
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Hose Appliances (6 of 10) Hose jacket
16 Hose Appliances (6 of 10) Hose jacket Used to stop a leaking section of hose Consists of a split metal cylinder that fits tightly over the hose
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Hose Appliances (7 of 10) Hose roller
16 Hose Appliances (7 of 10) Hose roller Used to protect a line being hoisted over an edge Prevents chafing and kinking
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Hose Appliances (8 of 10) Hose clamp
16 Hose Appliances (8 of 10) Hose clamp Used to temporarily stop the flow of water in a hose: so the hydrant can be opened that has burst
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Hose Appliances (9 of 10) Master stream devices 16
Large capacity nozzles supplied by two or more lines Include deck guns and portable nozzles
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Hose Appliances (10 of 10) Valves
16 Hose Appliances (10 of 10) Valves Control the flow of water through hose or pipe Must be opened and closed slowly
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Types of Valves (1 of 2) Ball valves 16
Used on nozzles, gated wyes, and engine discharges Consist of a ball with a hole in it When hole is in-line with inlet and outlet, water flows. When ball is rotated, flow shuts off.
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Types of Valves (2 of 2) 16 Gate valves Butterfly valves
Used on hydrants and sprinklers Rotating spindle causes gate to move across opening Butterfly valves Used on large pump intake Opened by rotating handle one-quarter turn
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16 Hose Rolls Hose roll is an efficient way to transport a single section of fire hose. Hose can be rolled in many different ways, depending on how it will be used.
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Supply Hose Evolutions (1 of 3)
16 Supply Hose Evolutions (1 of 3) Forward hose lay Allows first engine to establish a water supply without assistance Places the attack engine close to the fire Can be used with medium or large diameter hose
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Supply Hose Evolutions (2 of 3)
16 Supply Hose Evolutions (2 of 3) Reverse hose lay Hose is laid from the fire to the hydrant. Often used when attack engines begin attack without a supply line Later arriving company stops at the attack engine and lays line to the hydrant.
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Supply Hose Evolutions (3 of 3)
16 Supply Hose Evolutions (3 of 3) Split hose lay Performed by two engines Used when hose must be laid from two directions Requires coordination by two-way radio
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Loading Supply Hose (1 of 2)
16 Loading Supply Hose (1 of 2) Hose can be loaded in different ways, depending on the way the hose is planned to be laid out. Learn the specific hose loads used by your department. Flat hose load Limits wear on hose edges Used with single and split hose beds
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Loading Supply Hose (2 of 2)
16 Loading Supply Hose (2 of 2) Horseshoe hose load Forms a U-shape Cannot be used for large diameter hose Causes more wear on hose edges Tends to lay out in a wave-like manner Has fewer sharp bends Accordion hose load Easy to load Creates sharp bends in the hose More wear than the flat load Not recommended for large diameter hose
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Connecting an Engine to a Water Supply
16 Connecting an Engine to a Water Supply Supply hose must be used to deliver water from the hydrant to the engine. In most cases, soft suction hose is used to connect directly to a hydrant. Connection can also be made with a hard suction hose.
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Attack Line Evolutions
16 Attack Line Evolutions Attack lines used to deliver water from an attack engine to a nozzle. Most engines are equipped with preconnected attack lines. Additional supply of attack hose is usually carried in a hose bed or compartment that is not preconnected.
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Preconnected Attack Lines
16 Preconnected Attack Lines Intended for immediate use A preconnected hose line with a nozzle attached Commonly 1 3/4" in diameter and 150' to 250' in length May also be 2 1/2" A variety of loads can be used.
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16 Wye Lines May be necessary to first advance a large diameter line and then split it into two attack lines Accomplished by attaching a gated wye or a water thief to the end of the large diameter line
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Hose Carries and Advances
16 Hose Carries and Advances Best technique for carrying and advancing fire hose depends on size of hose, distance it must be moved, and number of fire fighters available.
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16 Working Hose Drag Used to deploy hose from a hose bed and advance the line a short distance Several fire fighters may be needed for the task.
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16 Shoulder Carry Used to transport full lengths of hose over a longer distance Useful for advancing a hose line around obstructions Requires practice and good teamwork
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Advancing an Attack Line (1 of 2)
16 Advancing an Attack Line (1 of 2) Advanced in two stages Flake extra hose in a serpentine pattern. Flake out with lengths parallel to front of building. Signal pump operator to charge line. Open nozzle slowly to bleed out air. Set nozzle to appropriate stream
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Advancing an Attack Line (2 of 2)
16 Advancing an Attack Line (2 of 2) Ensure personal protective equipment is secure. Check partner’s equipment. Start breathing from SCBA. Stand to the side when opening the door. Stay low as you move in. If you can’t see, feel as you go. Communicate as you advance. Two members should be at the nozzle and one at the door feeding hose.
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Connecting Hose Lines to a Standpipe System
16 Connecting Hose Lines to a Standpipe System Fire fighters connect attack lines to outlets inside. Fire fighters outside supply water to the fire department connections.
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Advancing an Attack Line from a Standpipe Outlet
16 Advancing an Attack Line from a Standpipe Outlet Standpipe outlets are often located in stairways. Before charging the hose line, the hose should be flaked out on the stairs going up from the fire floor.
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Replacing a Defective Section of Hose
16 Replacing a Defective Section of Hose A burst hose line should be shut down as soon as possible. A hose clamp can be used to stop the flow in an undamaged section of hose upstream from the problem. Replace the damaged section and replace it with two sections of hose.
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Draining and Picking Up Hose
16 Draining and Picking Up Hose The hose must be drained of water to be put back in service. Lay hose straight on a flat surface, then lift one end to shoulder level. Fold hose back and forth over your shoulder.
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Unloading hose Disconnect gate valves and nozzles.
16 Unloading hose Disconnect gate valves and nozzles. Grasp hose end and pull from engine. When coupling comes off, disconnect hose. Repeat until all hose bed is empty. Brush off dirt and debris from each side. Sweep out hose bed. Roll hose into donut rolls. Store hose on racks.
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Nozzles Give fire streams shape and direction Classified into groups:
16 Nozzles Give fire streams shape and direction Classified into groups: Low volume Handline Master stream Shut offs Bale closes a quarter-turn valve Rotary control valves
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Smooth Bore Nozzles 16 Advantages: Disadvantages:
Consist of shut off valve and smooth bore tips Fit handlines and master stream devices Advantages: Longer reach than fog nozzle Capable of deeper penetration into burning materials Operate at lower pressures Extinguishes fire with less air movement Disadvantages: Do not absorb heat as readily as fog streams Not as effective as fog streams for hydraulic ventilation Cannot change setting to produce a fog pattern
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Fog Stream Nozzles 16 Produce fine droplets of water
Absorb heat quickly and efficiently Advantages: Create a variety of stream patterns Can be used to create a water curtain to protect fire fighters from extreme heat Can be used to exhaust smoke and gases through hydraulic ventilation Disadvantages: Move large volumes of air, which can result in a sudden heat inversion that pushes hot steam and gases onto fire fighters If used incorrectly, can push fire into unaffected areas Types of fog stream nozzles: Fixed gallonage: deliver a preset flow in gpm at the rated discharge pressure. Adjustable gallonage: allow the operator to select a desired flow. Automatic adjusting: deliver a wide range of flows.
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Other Types of Nozzles Piercing nozzle Cellar nozzle
16 Other Types of Nozzles Piercing nozzle Makes holes in automobile sheet metal, aircraft, or building walls Cellar nozzle Fights fires in cellars and other inaccessible places Water curtain nozzle Delivers a flat screen of water to form a protective sheet of water
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Nozzle Maintenance and Inspection
16 Nozzle Maintenance and Inspection Nozzles should be: Inspected regularly Checked after each use Kept clean and clear of debris Inspect fog nozzle fingers Send nozzles to competent technicians for repairs
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Foam Used to fight several types of fires
16 Foam Used to fight several types of fires Used to prevent ignition of materials Used to neutralize hazardous materials Produced by mixing foam concentrate with water and air
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Foam Classifications 16 Class A foam Class B foam
Used to fight fires involving ordinary combustible materials Increases effectiveness of water by reducing the surface tension of water Can be added to water streams and applied with several types of nozzles Class B foam Used for class B fires Specific foam varies by type of flammable liquid Separates fuel from the fire Foam blanket must not be disturbed Can be applied to flammable liquid spills to prevent fire
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Class A Foam Concentrates
16 Class A Foam Concentrates From 0.1% to 1% solution “Wet” foam has good penetration properties. “Stiff” foam is more effective when applied for protecting buildings.
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Class B Foam Concentrates (1 of 2)
16 Class B Foam Concentrates (1 of 2) Used as either 3% or 6% solution Types of foams should not be mixed. Brands of the same foams should not be mixed. Incompatible mixtures may congeal and plug foam systems. Older foams have environmental hazards.
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Class B Foam Concentrates (2 of 2)
16 Class B Foam Concentrates (2 of 2) Protein foams Made from animal byproducts Effective on hydrocarbon fires Fluoroprotein foams Made with same base materials as protein foam Includes a flurochemical surfactant Produce fast-spreading membrane Provide a greater seal against edges of objects Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) Synthetic base Particularly suited for gasoline Seals across surface quickly Excellent vapor suppression ability Alcohol-resistant foam Properties similar to AFFF Won’t dissolve in alcohols and other polar solvents
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16 Foam Equipment Includes proportioning equipment to mix water and foam concentrate May be portable or built-in to apparatus
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Foam Proportioners (1 of 2)
16 Foam Proportioners (1 of 2) Eductors Use venturi effect to draw foam into stream May be built-in to pump plumbing May be portable and inserted into attack line Portable is most common Used with 1 1/2" hose Requires 200 psi of water pressure Draws foam from portable containers Only 150' of 1 1/2" can be used after eductor
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Foam Proportioners (2 of 2)
16 Foam Proportioners (2 of 2) Injectors Add concentrate to the water stream under pressure Most work across a range of flow rates and pressures A metering system takes measurements and adjusts the injector to the proper amounts. Batch mixing Concentrate poured directly into booster tank Premixing Commonly used in 2 1/2-gallon extinguishers Extinguisher is filled with foam solution and pressurized. Some vehicles have large tanks of premixed foam.
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Foam Application Systems
16 Foam Application Systems Types Portable extinguishers Hand lines Master stream devices Fixed systems Foam is applied with a variety of nozzles.
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Foam Application Rates
16 Foam Application Rates Low expansion foam Medium expansion foam High expansion foam Compressed air foam systems (CAFS)
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Foam Application Techniques
16 Foam Application Techniques Sweep method (roll-on) Used on a pool of product on open ground Bankshot method (bank down) Used where there is an object to deflect stream Rain-down method Lofts foam into air to gently fall on surface
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16 Other Considerations Request back up resources to ensure foam supply is uninterrupted. Manufacturers have emergency supplies available. Specialized apparatus may be available. Carry large quantities of foam concentrate and water. Use remote control nozzles for delivery.
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16 Summary Fire hydraulics deals with energy, pressure, and water flow. Fire hoses vary in size and construction. A hose appliance is any device used with fire hose to deliver water. Fire hose evolutions are standard methods of working with fire hose. Nozzles give fire streams shape and direction. Foam can be used to extinguish a variety of fires or to prevent their ignition.
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