1. Review Chapter 11: Agriculture By Caitlin S

2. What is Agriculture? Agriculture: The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber. About half of the grains grown in the United States are consumed by people The other half is utilized for livestock feed

3. Economic Activities Primary Economic Activities: Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture. Secondary Economic Activities: Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into the finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.

4. Economic Activities (cont.) Tertiary Economic Activities: Economic activity associated with the provision of services-such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs. Quaternary Economic Activities: Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

5. Economic Activities (cont.) Quinary Economic Activities: Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

6. Hunters and Gatherers Before modern day agriculture, there were hunters and gatherers Differed based on region American Indians near the Pacific Ocean fished for salmon Those in northern North America migrated along with caribou herds

7. First Agricultural Revolution Dates back 10,000 years Time when both plant and animal domestication originated Plant Domestication: Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention. Animal Domestication: Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

8. Subsistence Agriculture Subsistence Agriculture: Growing only enough food to survive. Subsistence farmers utilize the natural environment Farmers that practice this often live in South and Middle America, and South and Southeast Asia When a surplus occurs, it is shared with other members of the community

9. Second Agricultural Revolution Second Agricultural Revolution: Witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce Benefited from the Industrial Revolution Composed of a series of innovations, improvements and techniques. Moved agriculture beyond the levels of subsistence

10. Von Thünen’s Model Described as the first effort to analyze the spatial character of economic character.

11. Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution Began as early as the 1930s Currently in progress Agricultural scientists began to manipulate seeds of crops in a process known as genetic modification Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.

12. Landownership *Rectangular Survey System/Township and Range: A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior *Appears with a checkerboard pattern across agricultural fields *Is the most popular system in the United States today

13. Landownership (cont.) *Metes and Bounds Survey: A system that relies on descriptions of the land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. *The U.S. abandoned this technique in favor of the rectangular survey system *Longlot Survey System: System in which land is divided into narrow parcels.

14. Villages Traditional farm villages are common today in India, Sub-Saharan Africa, China and Southeast Asia These villages often rely on subsistence agriculture Europe contains villages that are clustered on hilltops Modern villages are often arranged in a grid pattern

15. Types of Agriculture Commercial Agriculture: Large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces and the latest technology. Monoculture: Dependence on a single agricultural commodity. Ex. Sri Lanka is known for tea and Ghana is known for cocoa

16. Types of Agriculture (cont.) Plantation Agriculture: When cash crops are grown on large estates (an example of a cash crop is sugarcane). Mediterranean Agriculture: Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails.

17. Illegal Drugs There is a high demand for illegal drugs, which makes them classify as cash crops Coca (which is used to make cocaine) is grown in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia Heroin and opium come from opium poppy plants, grown in Southeast and Southwest Asia Over 90% of illegal opium production worldwide comes from Afghanistan and Myanmar (according to the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention

18. Climate Classification System Köppen Climate Classification System: A system created by Wladimir Köppen to classify the world’s climates based on temperature and precipitation His system goes on to create climate regions Climate Regions: areas with similar climatic characteristics

19. Environmental Impacts Chemicals, such as pesticides and growth hormones for plants and livestock, impact the environment Deforestation has also increased over the years as agriculture is expanding Droughts also occur, making less vegetation grow Desertification: when humans destroy soil vegetation through overuse of land for livestock grazing or crop production

20. Agribusiness Agribusiness: General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry It serves to connect local farms with a spatially extensive web of production and exchange