2. International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Association and Integrated Program on Urban, Regional and Global Air Pollution Joint Seminar Hotel Royal Pedregal, Mexico D.F., Mexico January 22-23rd, 2004 Pedro Oyola Ph D Dirección Ejecutiva Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente poyola@conama.cl

3. Introduction In 1997 Santiago Metropolitan Region was declared saturated with TSP, PM 10, CO, O 3 and latent for NO 2. An Atmospheric Decontamination and Prevention Program for the Metropolitan Region was initiated. An intensive program to reduce the impact from mobile sources, specially public transportation system was started. An important collaboration between CONAMA and the Universities was initiated oriented to increase the capacity building.

4. MAIN AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS HIGH LEVELS OF PM 10 and PM 2.5 OZONE

5. Santiago Cost/ Benefits Action Plan 2001-2005 Actions Emission reduction ( ton/year ) 2.755 MP 14.732 NO x Cost 127 US$ mill/year Benefits 260 US$ mill/year

6. Health cost ( $ / year ) Type of vehicles Light gasoline Light LPG Light CNG Light diesel Damage( $ / year) 10.959 15.812 18.798 103.960

7. Santiago de Chile End of the world

8. Santiago de Chile 40km

9. LAS CONDES P. O´HIGGINS PUDAHUEL LA FLORIDA SEMINARIO CERRILLOS EL BOSQUE LA PAZ Santiago Metropolitan Region´s Air Quality Network El Monte

10. Metereological Network Airport

11. % of PM10 reduction at the Macam Network-Winter period 1997-2003

12. Anthropogenic Responsibility on PM 10 Inmissions Source Participation Buses21% Trucks13% Light Vehicles14% Mobile Total48% Combustion Fixed12% Processes Fixed14% Homes7% Fixed Total33% Firewood, farmland, sewage 19% Area Total19%

13. Good Good to Regular Regular Bad Critical Meteorological Conditions Air Pollution = Emission + Ventilation The ventilation indicators for Santiago are

14. August, 13 17:00 August, 14 17:00 August, 15 17:00 Pudahuel August, 16 00:00

15. Site Location in Región Metropolitana Cerro Calán Gotuzzo Buin

16. Cu-As-Mo-S Time Series at Buin Winter 1996 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0 4-jul6-jul8-jul10-jul12-jul14-jul16-jul18-jul20-jul22-jul24-jul ng/m 3 Cu As Mo S

17. In large cities, vehicle emission are usually the most important In small cities, there may be sources specific (and limited) to the area that are significant (smelters, house heating, biomass burning, etc.) Fixed sources are easiest to control, moving sources are harder Local emissions may mislead the interpretation of the results. Monitoring site representativeness is needed Emissions

18. Monitoring site representativeness, PM-10 Data from a monitoring site should be representative of the community, independent of local sources.

19. Local traffic influence No local traffic influence

20. VISUALIZATION 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 024681012141618202224 Time of day Concentration ( g/m 3 ) May June July August September PM2.5 Similar shapes for the monthly average indicate similar sources for EC and PM2.5 Traffic is the likely source for the 8 –9 hrs. peak Different source is expected for the midnight peak Wind may be responsible for the minimum at 13–18 hrs.

21. May determine the concentration of pollutants in certain areas Controls the local wind pattern Limits the spatial extent of pollutants Topography

22. Cluster analysis of the data among the stations is used to obtain groups with similar temporal behavior These groups are similar for PM10 and ozone The groups are independent of the season Topography of the city is probably responsible for the configuration of the groups Environmental grouping

23. OzonePM10

24. Late episode Early episode Episode PM 10 Daily Cycles April-September (2000-2003)

25. Airborne transport of Fine Particle inside the Mapocho Valley

26. Fine Particles Size Distribution and Temporal Evolution

27. Daily and Nightly Averages of the Physicochemical Composition of the PM2,5 at Pudahuel

28. Clusters and Sources

29. HAPs Comparison at Pudahuel & Parque O´Higgins

30. Acknowledgements http://fisica.usach.cl/uv/archivos http://www.conama.cl/rm/realtime